The weight of skill: Interindividual variability of reading related brain activation patterns in fluent readers

Jobard, Gaël; Vigneau, Mathieu; Simon, Grégory; Tzourio‐Mazoyer, Nathalie

doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2010.09.002

Cited by 29 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…One remaining question is whether the reduced response to unattended words results from active inhibition or from the absence of phasic activation. This second interpretation is supported by several intracranial EEG studies showing that high-frequency activity in sensory cortices comprise two consecutive components: a transient peak determined by the stimulus, followed by a sustained component determined by task condition, that is, whether the stimulus contains task-relevant information Ossandó n et al, 2011;Bastin et al, 2012). This interpretation is supported also by the findings of the present study, showing that directed interactions from the visual to auditory cortex are significantly stronger than vice versa only during attentive reading.…”

Section: How Automatic Is the Inner Voice During Sentence Reading?supporting

confidence: 87%

“…Indeed, the superior temporal sulcus and superior temporal gyrus (STG), which support AVI, play an important role in several phonological processes, such as the integration of letters into speech sounds (Vigneau et al, 2006;van Atteveldt et al, 2009), the identification of phonological word forms (Shalom and Poeppel, 2008), and the analysis of speech sounds (Hickok, 2009;Grimaldi, 2012). Furthermore, the STG has been shown to react specifically to readable stimuli, i.e., to words and pseudowords, but not to, e.g., consonant strings (Vartiainen et al, 2011).…”

Section: Possible Role Of the Inner Voice During Readingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The neurophysiological investigation of AVI has been focused on the auditory cortex, because that region is active during several forms of auditory imagery, including hallucinations (Lennox et al, 1999), silent lip reading (Calvert et al, 1997), and music imagery (Halpern and Zatorre, 1999). One might therefore assume that if silent reading generates AVI, it should activate the auditory cortex concurrently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How Silent Is Silent Reading? Intracerebral Evidence for Top-Down Activation of Temporal Voice Areas during Reading

et al. 2012

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As you might experience it while reading this sentence, silent reading often involves an imagery speech component: we can hear our own "inner voice" pronouncing words mentally. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have associated that component with increased metabolic activity in the auditory cortex, including voice-selective areas. It remains to be determined, however, whether this activation arises automatically from early bottom-up visual inputs or whether it depends on late top-down control processes modulated by task demands. To answer this question, we collaborated with four epileptic human patients recorded with intracranial electrodes in the auditory cortex for therapeutic purposes, and measured high-frequency (50 -150 Hz) "gamma" activity as a proxy of population level spiking activity. Temporal voice-selective areas (TVAs) were identified with an auditory localizer task and monitored as participants viewed words flashed on screen. We compared neural responses depending on whether words were attended or ignored and found a significant increase of neural activity in response to words, strongly enhanced by attention. In one of the patients, we could record that response at 800 ms in TVAs, but also at 700 ms in the primary auditory cortex and at 300 ms in the ventral occipital temporal cortex. Furthermore, single-trial analysis revealed a considerable jitter between activation peaks in visual and auditory cortices. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the multimodal mental experience of reading is in fact a heterogeneous complex of asynchronous neural responses, and that auditory and visual modalities often process distinct temporal frames of our environment at the same time.

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Section: How Automatic Is the Inner Voice During Sentence Reading?supporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Possible Role Of the Inner Voice During Readingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How Silent Is Silent Reading? Intracerebral Evidence for Top-Down Activation of Temporal Voice Areas during Reading

et al. 2012

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“…This conclusion is perhaps not surprising, given that reading is a relatively late-acquired skill and individuals vary greatly in their level of reading ability, in their exposure to print (58), and in the nature of the reading instruction they receive. A number of studies have reported structural and functional correlations with reading skill (59)(60)(61)(62). For example, Welcome and Joanisse (59) asked participants to make orthographic, phonological, and semantic judgments to pairs of written words.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triangulation of the neurocomputational architecture underpinning reading aloud

Hoffman

Ralph

Woollams

2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The goal of cognitive neuroscience is to integrate cognitive models with knowledge about underlying neural machinery. This significant challenge was explored in relation to word reading, where sophisticated computational-cognitive models exist but have made limited contact with neural data. Using distortion-corrected functional MRI and dynamic causal modeling, we investigated the interactions between brain regions dedicated to orthographic, semantic, and phonological processing while participants read words aloud. We found that the lateral anterior temporal lobe exhibited increased activation when participants read words with irregular spellings. This area is implicated in semantic processing but has not previously been considered part of the reading network. We also found meaningful individual differences in the activation of this region: Activity was predicted by an independent measure of the degree to which participants use semantic knowledge to read. These characteristics are predicted by the connectionist Triangle Model of reading and indicate a key role for semantic knowledge in reading aloud. Premotor regions associated with phonological processing displayed the reverse characteristics. Changes in the functional connectivity of the reading network during irregular word reading also were consistent with semantic recruitment. These data support the view that reading aloud is underpinned by the joint operation of two neural pathways. They reveal that (i) the ATL is an important element of the ventral semantic pathway and (ii) the division of labor between the two routes varies according to both the properties of the words being read and individual differences in the degree to which participants rely on each route.triangle model | anterior temporal lobe | semantic reliance | reading | surface dyslexia C ognitive neuroscience offers the exciting prospect of understanding the neural basis of cognitive behaviors, a goal which requires integration of sophisticated cognitive models with knowledge about the underlying neural machinery. As a key cognitive skill, reading provides an advanced test case. Computationally implemented theories present detailed accounts of how reading is accomplished at a cognitive level (1-4). To achieve a full understanding of reading and its impairment in neurological disorders, these cognitive theories must be integrated with information about the neural basis of the reading system. However, although various studies have explored the neural basis of reading (5), the level of integration between cognitive and neural models remains limited. In the present study, we used an improved functional MRI (fMRI) protocol to test the specific predictions of an influential computational model of word reading: the connectionist "Triangle Model" (2). We were able to map specific elements of this cognitive model onto different cortical regions, thereby providing a direct link between cognitive theorizing and neural implementation. Specifically, we provide insights into the division of labor between se...

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“…This region is involved in semantic categorization (Adams and Janata, 2002;Binder et al, 2003;Braver and Bongiolatti, 2002;Buchanan et al, 2000;Noesselt et al, 2003;Noppeney and Price, 2004;Poldrack et al, 1999), semantic retrieval (Kelley et al, 2002;James and Gauthier, 2004;Jobard et al, 2011), word generation (Adams and Janata, 2002;Gurd et al, 2002;Kelley et al, 2002;Wagner et al, 2001), and semantic association (Adams and Janata, 2002;Booth et al, 2002;Gurd et al, 2002;McDermott et al, 2003). The roles of the pars triangularis and pars opercularis of the IFG in semantic processing are controversial.…”

Section: Frontal Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%