The western Baltic sea ice season in terms of a mass-related severity index: 1879-1992. Part 1. Temporal variability and association with the north Atlantic oscillation

Koslowski, Gerhard; Loewe, Peter

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0870.1994.00006.x

Cited by 47 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…This is in agreement with published state-of-the-art model studies (e.g. Tinz, 1996;Jevrejeva and Moore, 2001;Jevrejeva et al, 2003;Koslowski and Loewe, 1994;Löptien et al, 2013). As regards spacial patterns of variability, the similarity between the leading EOFs of the simulation and the observations in Fig.…”

Section: Sea Icesupporting

confidence: 81%

MOMBA 1.1 – a high-resolution Baltic Sea configuration of GFDL's Modular Ocean Model

2014

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Abstract. We present a new coupled ocean-circulation-ice model configuration of the Baltic Sea. The model features, contrary to most existing configurations, a high horizontal resolution of ≈ 1 nautical mile (≈ 1.85 km), which is eddyresolving over much of the domain. The vertical discretisation comprises a total of 47 vertical levels. Results from a 1987 to 1999 hindcast simulation show that the model's fidelity is competitive. As suggested by a comparison with sea surface temperatures observed from space, this applies especially to near-surface processes. Hence, the configuration is well suited to serve as a nucleus of a fully fledged coupled ocean-circulation-biogeochemical model (which is yet to be developed). A caveat is that the model fails to reproduce major inflow events. We trace this back to spurious vertical circulation patterns at the sills which may well be endemic to high-resolution models based on geopotential coordinates. Further, we present indications that -so far neglected -eddy/wind effects exert significant control on windinduced up-and downwelling.

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Section: Sea Icesupporting

confidence: 81%

MOMBA 1.1 – a high-resolution Baltic Sea configuration of GFDL's Modular Ocean Model

2014

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“…In the open, neritic waters of the Baltic Sea located close to the deep water basins (Girjatowicz et al 2002) these correlations are distinctly weaker. This is supported by Koslowski & Loewe (1994) who obtained a weaker correlation coefficient amounting to -0.47 for the coastal waters of the western Baltic Sea.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 54%

“…cit.). The relationship between NAO during the Dec. -Feb. period (1871-Feb. period ( -1992 and the mean ice index including ice concentration and thickness from stations in Kiel Bight and Mecklenburg Bay regions, show a correlation coefficient of -0.47 (Koslowski & Loewe 1994). Further eastward into the Baltic Sea, particularly in deeply cut bays and estuaAnn.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on ice conditions in coastal lakes of the Southern Baltic Sea

Girjatowicz

2003

Ann. Limnol. - Int. J. Lim.

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This paper focuses on relationships between the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAO) and the ice conditions in coastal lakes (Jamno, Bukowo, Gardno and ebsko) of the southern Baltic Sea. The data on ice conditions included : date of first ice appearance (F), date of last ice disappearance (D), number of days with ice (N), length of the ice season (in days ; S) and maximum ice thickness (H) during the given winter. The period examined covers the winters from 1960/61 to 1999/2000. The monthly values of the NAO index for the same period were applied in accordance with Jones et al. (1997). Correlation and regression analysis methods were applied to determine and study the relationships between NAO (independent variable) and the parameters of ice conditions (dependent variables). The strongest relationships, with a linear correlation coefficient exceeding -0.80, were obtained for the date of the last ice disappearance (D) in ebsko Lake (-0.853) and Gardno Lake (-0.828) for the JanuaryMarch period. In contrast, the relationships between the NAO index and the date of first ice appearance (F) are much weaker. They are statistically significant only in November and early winter (Nov.-Dec., Nov.-Jan.). The correlation coefficients in the coastal lakes of the Southern Baltic Sea coasts generally increase eastwards, a phenomenon related to the severity of winters and to the increasing continuity of ice phenomena during a given winter in this direction.

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“…The most commonly used measure of Baltic ice is the maximum ice extent (MIE) as recorded in late February or early March. Systematic records of the MIE were started in the eighteenth century and have been analysed by Koslowski and Loewe (1994) and Koslowski and Glaser (1998). These analyses demonstrate that the development of ice is strongly influenced by the NAO and that severe winters are associated with synoptic situations with a weak westerly air-flow.…”

Section: The Association Between the Windermere Records And Ice Obsermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the development of ice on Lake Windermere

George

2007

Climatic Change

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Windermere, the largest lake in England, seldom freezes over but the sheltered bays are usually covered with ice for several days every year. Here I analyse the meteorological factors influencing the development of ice on the lake between 1933 and 2000 and relate these to the regional and global changes in the weather. The results demonstrate that the methods used to describe the development of ice at high latitudes can also be used to predict the formation of ice on this temperate lake. The best indicator of change was the number of ice-days recorded every winter. Regression analyses based on a Poisson model showed that there were significant negative correlations between the number of ice-days and the local air temperature, the Central England Temperature and the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI). The relationship with the NAOI was particularly pronounced and explained 50% of the observed inter-annual variations. A hindcasting model based on the NAOI correctly predicted the most severe winters reported in the area between 1864 and 1910. The observed and predicted numbers of ice-days were also correlated with an index of sea ice in the Baltic. The results demonstrate that the number of ice-days reported on Windermere can be used as a proxy indicator of climate change and show that the NAO has had a major effect on the development of ice on this lake for at least a hundred and thirty years.

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The western Baltic sea ice season in terms of a mass-related severity index: 1879-1992. Part 1. Temporal variability and association with the north Atlantic oscillation

Cited by 47 publications

References 0 publications

MOMBA 1.1 – a high-resolution Baltic Sea configuration of GFDL's Modular Ocean Model

MOMBA 1.1 – a high-resolution Baltic Sea configuration of GFDL's Modular Ocean Model

The influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on ice conditions in coastal lakes of the Southern Baltic Sea

The Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the development of ice on Lake Windermere

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