The wind regime over the Brazilian Southeast: Spatial and temporal characterization using multivariate analysis

Abstract

The characterization of spatial and temporal patterns of wind is essential to several sectors, including energy, urban climate, and applied meteorology. However, few studies describe the regional characteristics of the wind regime over the Brazilian Southeast (SEB), the most developed and populated part of the country. The objectives of the current work were (a) to assess the spatial patterns of the wind regime using cluster analysis (CA) and (b) to apply principal components analysis (PCA) to investigate which meteorological systems influence the spatial and temporal patterns of the wind regime. The dataset consisted of wind speed and direction from 70 automatic weather stations with records from 2008 to 2019. According to the CA method, four groups of homogeneous wind speed (G1–G4) were identified; G4 presented the highest magnitudes of wind speed (wind speed >5 m·s−1, with maxima of 7.2 m·s−1). Seasonal well‐defined minima (March–June) and maxima (July–October) were observed only for G2 and G3. The systems South Atlantic Subtropical Anticyclone (SASA), Frontal Systems (FS), and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) influenced these groups. In addition, the mesoscale meteorological systems likely influence other groups such as breezes from land/sea (G1, G3, and G4), lakes (G2 and G3), and valley/mountain (G2 and G3). The topography had a strong influence on G3, mainly due to the mountain ranges of Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar and Paraíba River valley. Dominant wind directions were E, N/NE, and NW, associated with SASA, in addition to S and SE/SW, influenced by FS and SACZ. The wind speed range of 1.4–3.9 m·s−1 was dominant in all groups, except for G4 (range of 2.4–5.5 m·s−1). According to PCA analysis, two PCs are enough to explain the wind pattern in the SEB with 69.9% of the total variance explained. The surface roughness accounted for 29% of the total variance explained in PC1. The latitude (37.6%) and distance to the coast (30.8%) are the most important variables for PC2. Region's physiography and meteorological systems strongly influenced the wind regime over the Brazilian Southeast. The assessment of wind regime variability presented in this work is expected to support public policies on renewable energy applications, air pollution, and climate change mitigation.

Analysis of the wind regime at high spatial-temporal resolution in the itacaiúnas river watershed, eastern amazon

“…The characterization of spatial and temporal patterns of wind is essential to several sectors, including energy, urban climate, and applied meteorology (Correia Filho et al, 2022). In addition, wind data are used in the calculation of hydrological models, with the objective of assessing the impacts of changes in land cover on the water balance of the Itacaiúnas River Basin, providing insights into the management of water resources (Pontes et al, 2019).…”

As chuvas de relevo: a influência da serra de Itaqueri nos acumulados pluviométricos regionais

“…Apesar do ano extremo seco de 2014 ter tido apenas um episódio de chuva extrema, os resultados mostraram que existe a mesma preferência no quadrante Sul, preferencialmente na direção SE, na intensidade das chuvas extremas. Segundo Correia Filho et al (2022), a variação sazonal do regime de ventos é influenciada principalmente pela ocorrência de sistemas atmosféricos, como a ZCAS e a migração do ASAS. Dessa forma, o período que apresenta as médias mensais mais fortes da velocidade de vento na região coincide com o SAMS (South American Monsoon Systems), que começa em outubro e dura até fevereiro, enquanto os períodos mínimos são influenciados pela atenuação dos ventos durante abril a julho, quando o ASAS avança sobre o continente, tornando as condições atmosféricas mais estáveis.…”

“…Dessa forma, o período que apresenta as médias mensais mais fortes da velocidade de vento na região coincide com o SAMS (South American Monsoon Systems), que começa em outubro e dura até fevereiro, enquanto os períodos mínimos são influenciados pela atenuação dos ventos durante abril a julho, quando o ASAS avança sobre o continente, tornando as condições atmosféricas mais estáveis. Além disso, as principais direções dos ventos também são influenciadas pelos sistemas atmosféricos, predominando nos sentidos E, NE-E e NW durante a ação da ASAS e nos sentidos S e SE/SW durante os avanços de FS ou em eventos de ZCAS (CORREIA FILHO et al, 2022).…”