The Word Frequency Effect

Brysbaert, Marc; Büchmeier, M.; Conrad, Markus; Jacobs, Arthur; Bölte, Jens; Böhl, Andrea

doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000123

Cited by 377 publications

(263 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…These nonword categories were matched item-byitem for length in letters, (logarithmic and absolute) frequency of both the Dutch (if existing) and the German reading according to the SUBTLEX databases (Brysbaert et al, 2011;Keuleers, Brysbaert, & New, 2010), as well as for Levenshtein distance (or edit distance) as a measure of orthographic similarity of the two readings (e.g. Schepens, Dijkstra, & Grootjen, 2012).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cognate and control words were included to assess whether there would be a cognate effect for near-cognates in the responses to words. They were matched to each other in terms of German (absolute and logarithmic) frequency according to SUBTLEX-DE (Brysbaert et al, 2011) and length. Their mean length was 4.0 letters for both cognates and control words; their mean frequency (per million occurrences) was 42.3 for near-cognates (logarithmic 1.22) and 28.4 for control words (logarithmic 1.20).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Another cup of TEE? The processing of second language near-cognates in first language reading

Lemhöfer

Huestegge

Mulder³

2018

Language, Cognition and Neuroscience

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A still unresolved issue is in how far native language (L1) processing in bilinguals is influenced by the second language (L2). We investigated this in two word recognition experiments in L1, using homophonic near-cognates that are spelled in L2. In a German lexical decision task (Experiment 1), German-Dutch bilinguals had more difficulties to reject these Dutch-spelled near-cognates than other misspellings, while this was not the case for non-Dutch speaking Germans. In Experiment 2, the same materials were embedded in German sentences. Analyses of eye movements during reading showed that only non-Dutch speaking Germans, but not Dutchspeaking participants were slowed down by the Dutch cognate misspellings. Additionally, in both experiments, bilinguals with larger vocabulary sizes in Dutch tended to show larger nearcognate effects. Thus, Dutch word knowledge influenced word recognition in L1 German in both task contexts, suggesting that L1 word recognition in bilinguals is non-selective with respect to L2. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Another cup of TEE? The processing of second language near-cognates in first language reading

Lemhöfer

Huestegge

Mulder³

2018

Language, Cognition and Neuroscience

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“…For instance, Paizi, Zoccolotti, and Burani (2010) investigated the interaction between word frequency and stress dominance. The word frequency effect indicates that the reading times for words decrease as their frequencies in a given language increase (e.g., Babout^is more frequent than Babove^and thus is read faster; see, e.g., Brysbaert et al, 2011). Word stress denotes the emphasis that is given to the syllables of a word.…”

Section: Constructing Matched Word Setsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using propensity score matching to construct experimental stimuli

et al. 2016

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Propensity score matching is widely used in various fields of research, including psychology, medicine, education, and sociology. It is usually applied to find a matched control group for a treatment group. In the present article, we suggest that propensity score matching might also be used to construct item sets matched for different parameters. We constructed stimuli to illustrate the use of propensity score matching in item construction for the exemplary cases of numerical cognition research and reading research. In particular, we provide a step-by-step approach, using the statistics software R, for how to apply propensity score matching for constructing matched stimuli. This approach involves deciding on a population of stimuli, determining and calculating the covariates, and finally applying the propensity-matching method to find a set of items matched to another predefined set. Thereby, we were able to construct well-matched item sets for both examples. Hence, we conclude that the propensityscore-matching method is useful for constructing matched stimuli. Further cases of application are discussed.

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“…For comparison, we will also provide corresponding results from three existing nondevelopmental databases for (young) adults: the Dutch Lexicon Project (DLP; Keuleers, Diependaele, & Brysbaert, 2010), the British Lexicon Project (BLP; Keuleers et al, 2012), and the English Lexicon Project (ELP; Balota et al, 2007). Finally, we will compare the correlations between the RTs in different age groups and various frequency estimates derived from German corpora for adults (SUBTLEX-DE; see Brysbaert et al, 2011;CELEX, see Baayen, Piepenbrock, & Gulikers, 1995;and DWDS, see Geyken, 2007) and children (childLex; see Schroeder, Würzner, Heister, Geyken, & Kliegl, 2015).…”

Section: Theoretical Aims Of the Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Item effects were estimated using the same procedure as described in this article (i.e., using mixed-effects models with random participant and item effects and using logittransformed response accuracy or log-transformed RT as outcome variables). To use comparable frequency and OLD20 estimates, frequency norms and OLD20 values were derived from the SUBTLEX databases for the three languages (German: Brysbaert et al, 2011;Dutch: Keuleers et al, 2010;English: Brysbaert, New, & Keuleers, 2012).…”

Section: Effects Of Word Length Word Frequency and Neighborhood Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

The Developmental Lexicon Project: A behavioral database to investigate visual word recognition across the lifespan

Schröter

Schroeder

2017

Behav Res

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With the Developmental Lexicon Project (DeveL), we present a large-scale study that was conducted to collect data on visual word recognition in German across the lifespan. A total of 800 children from Grades 1 to 6, as well as two groups of younger and older adults, participated in the study and completed a lexical decision and a naming task. We provide a database for 1,152 German words, comprising behavioral data from seven different stages of reading development, along with sublexical and lexical characteristics for all stimuli. The present article describes our motivation for this project, explains the methods we used to collect the data, and reports analyses on the reliability of our results. In addition, we explored developmental changes in three marker effects in psycholinguistic research: word length, word frequency, and orthographic similarity. The database is available online.Keywords Visual word recognition . Development . Mega studies . Lexical decision . NamingThere is an extensive body of research on the visual word recognition processes in skilled adults (e.g., Balota et al., 2007). On the basis of this research, several computational models have been developed that account for many of the benchmark effects observed in word processing tasks such as lexical decision (LD) or naming (e.g., Coltheart, Rastle, Perry, Langdon, & Ziegler, 2001;Harm & Seidenberg, 2004;Perry, Ziegler, & Zorzi, 2007). Most of these models, however, only aim at explaining the reading behavior of proficient adults who have already acquired the ability to read. In recent years, some efforts have been made to bring interindividual differences into the picture (Andrews & Lo, 2012; Adelman, Sabatos-DeVito, Marquis, & Estes, 2014;Kuperman & van Dyke, 2013;Yap, Balota, Sibley, & Ratcliff, 2012). Arguably, however, the most pronounced differences between readers are intra-individual in nature: Children are not born with the ability to read but need years of extensive practice in order to learn it. And even during adulthood, profound changes take place in lexical and sublexical processing (Balota, Cortese, Sergent-Marshall, Spieler, & Yap, 2004;Ratcliff, Perea, Colangelo, & Buchanan, 2004). Yet, developmental models of the visual word recognition process are still rather scarce (but see Pritchard, Coltheart, Marinus, & Castles, 2016;Ziegler, Bertrand, Lété, & Grainger, 2014). One of the main reasons for this is that very few studies have been conducted that investigate visual word recognition across the lifespan within a coherent framework. Thus, at present, the empirical data that are necessary to feed any computational modeling efforts are missing.The present article describes the Developmental Lexicon Project (DeveL), which provides a linguistic database for 1,152 German words including behavioral measures of how they are processed at different age groups across the lifespan. Extending the logic and methodology of existing mega studies on visual word recognition (Balota et al., 2007;Balota, Yap, Hutchison, & Cortese, 2012;...

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The Word Frequency Effect

Cited by 377 publications

References 43 publications

Another cup of TEE? The processing of second language near-cognates in first language reading

Another cup of TEE? The processing of second language near-cognates in first language reading

Using propensity score matching to construct experimental stimuli

The Developmental Lexicon Project: A behavioral database to investigate visual word recognition across the lifespan

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