The Xanthophyll Cycle in Aquatic Phototrophs and Its Role in the Mitigation of Photoinhibition and Photodynamic Damage

Zigman, Miriam; Dubinsky, Zvy; Iluz, David

doi:10.5772/31462

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 114 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…Astaxanthin is a photoprotective pigment that can quench triplet-state Chl. 33 With accumulation of astaxanthin in Haematococcus pluvialis, non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence was shown to increase drastically. 34 It was suggested 35 that the efficient radical trapping by astaxanthin at the surface and inside the phospholipid membrane is due to the orientation of the carotenoid in the membrane such that its two polar terminal rings are located at both polar surfaces of the lipid bilayer and its hydrophobic polyene chain is extended through the hydrophobic region of the membrane.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical Study of Astaxanthin and Astaxanthin n-Octanoic Monoester and Diester: Tendency to Form Radicals

2014

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The carotenoid astaxanthin known for its powerful antioxidant activity was electrochemically investigated along with the synthesized astaxanthin n-octanoic monoester and astaxanthin n-octanoic diester. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) revealed a two-electron transfer oxidation for all three carotenoids with a difference in the two oxidation potentials (ΔE = E2(0) - E1(0)) slightly increasing from astaxanthin to the monoester to diester. Minimal or no exposure to water prevented the formation of carotenoid neutral radicals from dications and radical cations, causing near absence of the fifth peak in the CVs. This makes the CVs almost reversible and enables a more precise simulation of the redox potentials and the equilibrium constants for the formation of radical cations. The first oxidation potential (E1(0)) of 0.767₈, 0.773₈, and 0.775₃ V versus SCE and the second oxidation potential (E2(0)) of 0.982₈, 0.993₁, and 0.996₆ V versus SCE for astaxanthin, monoester, and diester, respectively, have been standardized to the potential of ferrocene of 0.528 V vs SCE given in a previous study. Reduction potentials (E3(0)) for formation of carotenoid neutral radicals from dications after proton loss from the three studied carotenoids are presented and compared to those of other carotenoids. According to our DFT calculations, the most favorable sites for deprotonation of radical cations and dications are found on the cyclohexene rings. These measurements provide insight into important properties of these carotenoids like radical scavenging of (•)OH, (•)CH3, and (•)OOH by proton abstraction from the carotenoid or the formation of carotenoid neutral radicals from radical cations which can quench photoexcited states. There is no essential difference in first oxidation potentials for the three carotenoids, which suggests a similar scavenging rate of the esters of astaxanthin toward (•)OH, (•)CH3, and (•)OOH radicals when compared to astaxanthin itself. The large equilibrium constants K(com) (102.4, 409.6, and 204.8 for astaxanthin, monoester, and diester) derived from simulation indicate a preference for radical cation formation for both astaxanthin and its esters, while electron transfer to form dications will be unlikely. Proton transfer from the radical cations, which are weak acids, to the neighboring proton acceptors will form neutral radicals, which allows quenching of excited states.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Astaxanthin is a photoprotective pigment that can quench triplet-state Chl . With accumulation of astaxanthin in Haematococcus pluvialis, non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence was shown to increase drastically .…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Study of Astaxanthin and Astaxanthin n-Octanoic Monoester and Diester: Tendency to Form Radicals

2014

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“…Studies have shown that low light intensity (less than 100 mol.m −2 .s −1 ) promotes the fucoxanthin production [39,114,120,163,164] while high light intensity (starting from 150 mol.m −2 .s −1 ) can damage the photosystems, therefore activates the production of photo-protective pigments (Diadinoxanthin and Diatoxanthin) [165,166]. Moreover, as more photons are available, cells do not need to capture more photons than necessary due to photon saturation and hence do not produce more chlorophylls and fucoxanthin [167]. Indeed, in the high light regime, not only fucoxanthin degrades [168] but there is also a change of ratio among the photoprotective and the photosynthetic cell pigment content (xanthophylls, carotenoids, chlorophylls).…”

Section: Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fucoxanthin from Algae to Human, an Extraordinary Bioresource: Insights and Advances in up and Downstream Processes

et al. 2022

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Fucoxanthin is a brown-colored pigment from algae, with great potential as a bioactive molecule due to its numerous properties. This review aims to present current knowledge on this high added-value pigment. An accurate analysis of the biological function of fucoxanthin explains its wide photon absorption capacities in golden-brown algae. The specific chemical structure of this pigment also leads to many functional activities in human health. They are outlined in this work and are supported by the latest studies in the literature. The scientific and industrial interest in fucoxanthin is correlated with great improvements in the development of algae cultures and downstream processes. The best fucoxanthin producing algae and their associated culture parameters are described. The light intensity is a major influencing factor, as it has to enable both a high biomass growth and a high fucoxanthin content. This review also insists on the most eco-friendly and innovative extraction methods and their perspective within the next years. The use of bio-based solvents, aqueous two-phase systems and the centrifugal partition chromatography are the most promising processes. The analysis of the global market and multiple applications of fucoxanthin revealed that Asian companies are major actors in the market with macroalgae. In addition, fucoxanthin from microalgae are currently produced in Israel and France, and are mostly authorized in the USA.

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“…The incorporation of cobalt or nickel enhanced the light absorption of S. costatum and P. donghaiense , with lower concentrations appearing more favorable than higher concentrations. The pigments diadinoxanthin, alloxanthin, and antheraxanthin act as photoprotective agents, shielding the photosynthetic center from damage via singlet oxygen and harmful radiation [ 40 ]. The similar changes observed in diadinoxanthin and alloxanthin suggested that S. costatum may need to produce higher amounts of these compounds in the presence of cobalt in order to protect its genetic material from the peroxidation caused by harmful UV radiation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotoxicology of Polymetallic Nodule Seabed Mining: The Effects of Cobalt and Nickel on Phytoplankton Growth and Pigment Concentration

Ou,

Huang,

et al. 2023

Toxics

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In order to improve the understanding of the environmental impacts of polymetallic nodule mining, ecotoxicological studies were conducted on the growth of model phytoplankton species Skeletonema costatum and Prorocentrum donghaiense using cobalt and nickel. This study evaluated various physiological and ecological indicators, such as cell proliferation, chlorophyll a, pigments, total protein, and antioxidant enzyme markers. The results show that the introduction of low amounts of cobalt or nickel increased the growth rate of phytoplankton. The phytoplankton benefited from low concentrations of cobalt and nickel stress. The increased protein levels and decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes considerably impacted physiological responses during the promotion of cell abundance. High concentrations of cobalt or nickel resulted in decreased light-absorbing pigments, increased photoprotective pigments, an inactive chlorophyll content, decreased total proteins, and maximal antioxidant enzyme activity in phytoplankton. Throughout the experiment, both the phytoplankton protein and enzyme activity declined with prolonged stress, and the cells underwent age-induced damage. Thus, seabed mining’s repercussions on phytoplankton could result in both short-term growth promotion and long-term damage. These consequences depend on the impurity concentrations infiltrating the water, their duration, and the organism’s physiological responses.

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The Xanthophyll Cycle in Aquatic Phototrophs and Its Role in the Mitigation of Photoinhibition and Photodynamic Damage

Cited by 4 publications

References 114 publications

Electrochemical Study of Astaxanthin and Astaxanthin n-Octanoic Monoester and Diester: Tendency to Form Radicals

Electrochemical Study of Astaxanthin and Astaxanthin n-Octanoic Monoester and Diester: Tendency to Form Radicals

Fucoxanthin from Algae to Human, an Extraordinary Bioresource: Insights and Advances in up and Downstream Processes

Ecotoxicology of Polymetallic Nodule Seabed Mining: The Effects of Cobalt and Nickel on Phytoplankton Growth and Pigment Concentration

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