The Zanzibar clove industry

Martin, Peter

doi:10.1007/bf02930706

Cited by 20 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…2;Shao, 1992;Myers, 1996; T€ orh€ onen, 1998). Zanzibar's economic foundation, clove trade, declined since 1960s and collapsed after plummeting world market prices in the turn of 1980s (Martin, 1991). The declining economy opened the archipelago to the West, attracted foreign aid and was followed by economic liberalization from the mid-1980s onwards (Koponen & Siitonen, 2001).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 97%

Spatio-temporal analysis of forest changes in contrasting land use regimes of Zanzibar, Tanzania

Kukkonen

Käyhkö

2014

Applied Geography

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Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 97%

Spatio-temporal analysis of forest changes in contrasting land use regimes of Zanzibar, Tanzania

Kukkonen

Käyhkö

2014

Applied Geography

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“…Two major clove products are available and marketed: the clove which is the unopened green fully -grown buds upon drying, and the essential oil extracted either from bud, leaf, stem or fruit [2][3][4]. In the early eighteenth century, the clove tree was introduced in different parts of the world: Zanzibar, India and Madagascar [5,6]. Today the most important producers of cloves are Indonesia (which is also, the main consumer), Tanzania (Zanzibar and Pemba islands) and Madagascar, which is the first world exporter with annual average exported quantities of 11000 tons for cloves and 1500 tons for essential oils [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of phenological stages on yield and composition of essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum buds from Madagascar

Gaylor¹,

Michel²,

Ramanoelina³

et al. 2013

International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

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Variation on yield and composition of the essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum buds from Madagascar at different phenological stages including young bud stage, budding stage 1, budding stage 2, budding stage 3, full budding stage, flowering stage, initial fruiting stage, full fruiting stage are reported. The essential oil yield varied from 2.52% to 17.94%, reaching a maximum at the end of budding stage, after which it rapidly decreased. The essential oil was analyzed by GC and four constituents were identified and quantified for whole phenological stages. Eugenol and eugenyl acetate were the main compounds in all samples. Eugenol, was lower in the young bud stage (39.66%) and increased in the subsequent phenological stages to reach maximum in the full fruiting stage (94.89%). In contrast, eugenyl acetate was higher in the young bud stage (56.07%), after which decreased to reach minimum in the full fruiting stage (2.01%).

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“…On Zanzibar, an accident of geography and history meant that clove plantations came to dominate the islands' agrarian economy. By the close of the nineteenth-century, Zanzibar was one of the world's major suppliers of cloves (Martin 1991).This last fact hints at the scale of transformation in the agrarian sector of Zanzibar during this period. But this was not simply a shift in terms of what was being grown.…”

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confidence: 98%

Why Clove Plantations: East African Archaeology, History, and Anthropology

Croucher

2014

Capitalism and Cloves

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Clove plantations such as Mgoli-the site on Pemba discussed in detail later in this book-were a typical part of the rural landscape of nineteenth-century Zanzibar. During the eighteenth century, Zanzibar, along with much of the rest of the East African coast, had come under the rule of Oman. It was only from the beginning of the nineteenth-century, however, that Zanzibar became a serious colonial outpost of Oman, with significant numbers of Omani immigrants (mostly men) coming to the islands. Omani colonial interests were largely focused on mercantile profits from the caravan trade, but the beginning of the nineteenth-century saw a shift; mercantile profits became increasingly invested into plantations. On Zanzibar, an accident of geography and history meant that clove plantations came to dominate the islands' agrarian economy. By the close of the nineteenth-century, Zanzibar was one of the world's major suppliers of cloves (Martin 1991).This last fact hints at the scale of transformation in the agrarian sector of Zanzibar during this period. But this was not simply a shift in terms of what was being grown. Clove plantations are interesting as they were also a root cause of social transformations across much of the islands. They were the institutions through which plantation residents came to understand their lives, through which social positions were often structured, and they were the context of the majority of day-to-day practices of Zanzibaris through the nineteenth-century. Slavery was at the heart of these transformations; agricultural and domestic labor was carried out by enslaved men and women from mainland Eastern and East-Central Africa. Enslaved women were also commonly present as concubines in elite households. As I discuss in greater detail in Chap. 4, the scale of slavery was immense; by the close of the nineteenth-century, enslaved or recently manumitted individuals outnumbered indigenous Swahili and other immigrant populations (even if the line between these groups were not always clear-cut). As several historians have discussed, the large immigrant African population, along with continued labor migration from mainland Africa, came to be decisive in the social and political formation of contemporary Zanzibar

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The Zanzibar clove industry

Cited by 20 publications

References 12 publications

Spatio-temporal analysis of forest changes in contrasting land use regimes of Zanzibar, Tanzania

Spatio-temporal analysis of forest changes in contrasting land use regimes of Zanzibar, Tanzania

Effects of phenological stages on yield and composition of essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum buds from Madagascar

Why Clove Plantations: East African Archaeology, History, and Anthropology

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