Theoretical Analysis of Forced Convective Heat Transfer in Regional Ground-Water Flow

Domenico, P. A.; Palciauskas, V. V.

doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<3803:taofch>2.0.co;2

Cited by 210 publications

(91 citation statements)

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“…Due to the day-night cycles of the Earth, WLPs likely experienced a temperature gradient from the atmospherically exposed top of the pond to the constant geothermally heated base. Since convection is likely the dominant form of heat transport within hydrothermal ponds [72], convection cells would have formed, with warm (higher pressure) parcels of water flowing upwards and recently cooled (lower pressure) parcels flowing downwards.…”

Section: Appendix A: Advection and Diffusion Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of the RNA world: The fate of nucleobases in warm little ponds

Pearce

Pudritz

Semenov

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

176

222

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Prior to the origin of simple cellular life, the building blocks of RNA (nucleotides) had to form and polymerize in favourable environments on the early Earth. At this time, meteorites and interplanetary dust particles delivered organics such as nucleobases (the characteristic molecules of nucleotides) to warm little ponds whose wet-dry cycles promoted rapid polymerization. We build a comprehensive numerical model for the evolution of nucleobases in warm little ponds leading to the emergence of the first nucleotides and RNA. We couple Earth's early evolution with complex prebiotic chemistry in these environments. We find that RNA polymers must have emerged very quickly after the deposition of meteorites (< a few years). Their constituent nucleobases were primarily meteoritic in origin and not from interplanetary dust particles. Ponds appeared as continents rose out of the early global ocean but this increasing availability of "targets" for meteorites was offset by declining meteorite bombardment rates. Moreover, the rapid losses of nucleobases to pond seepage during wet periods, and to UV photodissociation during dry periods means that the synthesis of nucleotides and their polymerization into RNA occurred in just one to a few wet-dry cycles. Under these conditions, RNA polymers likely appeared prior to 4.17 billion years ago.Significance: There are currently two competing hypotheses for the site at which an RNA world emerged: hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean and warm little ponds. Because the former lacks wet and dry cycles, which are well known to promote polymerization (in this case, of nucleotides into RNA), we construct a comprehensive model for the origin of RNA in the latter sites. Our model advances the story and timeline of the RNA world by constraining the source of biomolecules, the environmental conditions, the timescales of reaction, and the emergence of first RNA polymers.Keywords: life origins | astrobiology | planetary science | meteoritics | RNA worldOne of the most fundamental questions in science is how life first emerged on the Earth. Given its ubiquity in living cells and its ability to both store genetic information and catalyze its own replication, RNA probably formed the basis of first life [1]. RNA molecules are made up of sequences of 4 different nucleotides, the latter of which can be formed through reaction of a nucleobase with a ribose and a reduced phosphorous (P) source [2,3]. The evidence suggests that first life appeared earlier than 3.7 Gyr ago (Ga) [4,5] and thus the RNA world would have developed on a violent early Earth undergoing meteoritic bombardment at a rate of ∼1-1000 ×10 12 kg/yr [6], which is approximately 8-11 orders of magnitude greater than today [7]. At this time, the atmosphere was dominated by volcanic gases, and dry land was scarce as continents were rising out of the global ocean. [8,9], the answer to these questions are largely unknown.As to the sources of nucleobases, the early Earth's atmosphere was likely dominated by CO 2 , N 2 , SO 2 , and H 2 O [10...

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Section: Appendix A: Advection and Diffusion Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of the RNA world: The fate of nucleobases in warm little ponds

Pearce

Pudritz

Semenov

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

176

222

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…If, however, Pe > 1, then heat transport by advection is stronger than by conduction. The first analytical model of geothermal heat transport by gravity-driven basin-scale groundwater flow was proposed, according to the author's knowledge, by Domenico and Palciauskas (1973) for the Unit Basin (Fig. 8).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, ascending warm waters cause positive anomalies of geothermal heat and gradients in the discharge areas. The first analytical study to demonstrate this effect was due to Domenico and Palciauskas (1973; Fig. 8).…”

Section: Heat Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geothermal phenomena in the context of gravity-driven basinal flow of groundwater

Töth¹

2015

Central European Geology

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Gravity-driven groundwater flow systems function in topographic basins as subsurface conveyor belts. They pick up and move fluids, gases, solutes, colloids, particulate matter and heat from loading sites in recharge areas and/or on their way to the discharge areas and can deliver them "en route" or in discharge regions. Gravitational flow systems of various horizontal and vertical extents are organized into hierarchically nested complex patterns controlled by the configuration of the water table's relief and modified by the rock framework's heterogeneities of permeability. The systems are ubiquitous and act simultaneously on broad ranges of the spatial and temporal scales of measurement. Their universal geologic agency is manifest by numerous different, even disparate, natural processes and phenomena. Several of these are associated with geothermal heat flow. The understanding of geothermal phenomena in the context of basinal flow systems requires, therefore, an intimate familiarity with the overarching "Theory of regional groundwater flow" which, in turn, comprises two component theories: "The hydraulics of basin-scale groundwater flow systems" and "The geologic agency of basin-scale groundwater flow-systems". The paper's outline is based on this conceptual structure. The paper presents examples for geothermal effects of groundwater flow by means of the first theoretical models and some case studies of thermal springs and wells, and petroleum accumulations. The final section reflects the author's conviction that geothermal studies cannot be complete without consideration and understanding of the area's groundwater flow regime.

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“…The appeal of the approach is that velocity can be estimated from temperature alone without the need to measure head or estimate hydraulic conductivity. Domenico and Palciauskas (1973) showed how heat flow analyses could be extended from the one-dimensional equations previously used to two dimensions. The approach was introduced to Japan by Sakura (1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat transport in groundwater systems in Japan

Anderson

2010

Journal of Groundwater Hydrology

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Japanese groundwater hydrologists have played a leading role in thermal studies of groundwater systems. Pioneering work by Suzuki (1960) led to a method for analyzing temperature profiles to estimate vertical groundwater flux. Sakura (1978) introduced the quantitative analysis of temperature profiles to Japanese researchers and also introduced to Japan the application of an analytical solution of heat transport in two dimensions (Sakura 1993). Japanese hydrogeologists are leaders internationally in analyzing groundwater temperatures affected by surface warming caused by urbanization, including a pioneering study by Taniguchi et al. (1999a). Other contributions include innovative applications of methods for analyzing temperature profiles (e.g., to estimate the depth to the freshwater/saltwater interface in a coastal aquifer) and the development and application of three-dimensional numerical models of coupled groundwater flow and heat transport.

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Theoretical Analysis of Forced Convective Heat Transfer in Regional Ground-Water Flow

Cited by 210 publications

References 0 publications

Origin of the RNA world: The fate of nucleobases in warm little ponds

Origin of the RNA world: The fate of nucleobases in warm little ponds

Geothermal phenomena in the context of gravity-driven basinal flow of groundwater

Heat transport in groundwater systems in Japan

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