“…Thus, it was shown at the single bond level that ligand-receptor couples such as antigen-antibody (Pierres et al, 1995), Streptavidin-biotin , integrin-fibronectin (Vitte et al, 2004a) or C-cadherin/C-cadherin (Pierres et al, 2007) could display a series of binding states with different lifetimes. As will be discussed below, this situation accounts for a variety of results that have been formulated in different ways such as dependence of rupture on bond history (Pincet et al, 2005 ;Marshall et al, 2005) or bond heterogeneity (Raible et al, 2006). Also, this imposes a tremendous complexity on the concept and experimental determination of association rates.…”