“…Writing may be viewed as a hierarchical organization with higher-order skills (such as text production) dependent on the development and integration of lowerorder skills (such as handwriting, spelling, and sentence construction), as well as on higher-order cognitive processes, e.g., executive function, working memory, sustained attention and mental effort, processing and performance speed, planning, organizing, translating, reviewing, revising, and self-monitoring. Lower level skills are more influential during the primary grades, whereas higher-order cognitive processes are more influential during junior high school, when demands for text production are greater (Berninger & Whitaker, 1993;Whitaker, et al, 1994). Studies have shown differences in higher-order cognitive processes between students who do and do not have writing disabilities.…”