Theory of Solid-Phase Microextraction

Pawliszyn, Janusz

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-416017-0.00002-4

Cited by 277 publications

(396 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Here, it is essential that temperature, extraction time, and stirring are identical among samples and standard solutions, which makes an autosampler with SPME device and agitator (well-defined shaking and heating) indispensable. To maintain reproducibility, extraction parameters such as ion strength and pH of the water solution must be consistent during a series of analyses [4]. Especially for HOCs, where thermodesorption from the SPME fiber can be insufficient following the GC measurement, an additional bakeout oven is necessary.…”

Section: Spme: Benefits and Drawbacks In Work Routinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For HOCs, SPME is preferably coupled to gas chromatography [GC], with a direct thermodesorption of the analytes in the injection system. First reported in 1990, SPME provides solventless extraction of water samples and minimizes problems such as volatilization losses and contamination [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This process is highly dependent on the characteristics of the analyte, the sample matrix, and the ambient conditions. Background and applications of SPME have been summarized in textbooks and reviews [4][5][6][7]. SPME has been applied in many different areas such as environmental analysis where precise quantification must be validated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solid-phase microextraction for bioconcentration studies according to OECD TG 305

2012

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An important aim of the European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use is the identification of (very) persistent, (very) bioaccumulative, and toxic substances. In other regulatory chemical safety assessments (pharmaceuticals, biocides, pesticides), the identification of such (very) persistent, (very) bioaccumulative, and toxic substances is of increasing importance. Solid-phase microextraction is especially capable of extracting total water concentrations as well as the freely dissolved fraction of analytes in the water phase, which is available for bioconcentration in fish. However, although already well established in environmental analyses to determine and quantify analytes mainly in aqueous matrices, solid-phase microextraction is still a rather unusual method in regulatory ecotoxicological research. Here, the potential benefits and drawbacks of solid-phase microextraction are discussed as an analytical routine approach for aquatic bioconcentration studies according to OECD TG 305, with a special focus on the testing of hydrophobic organic compounds characterized by log K OW > 5.

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Section: Spme: Benefits and Drawbacks In Work Routinementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solid-phase microextraction for bioconcentration studies according to OECD TG 305

2012

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“…• Sample volume -lower sample volumes have been found to favour higher extraction efficiencies since equilibrium is reached faster without overloading the fiber coating (Pawliszyn, 1997;Yang and Peppard, 1994).…”

Section: Modern Sample Preparation Techniques For Pesticide Analysis 211mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern Sample Preparation Techniques for Pesticide Analysis

Mmualefe¹,

Mpofu²,

Torto³

2011

Pesticides in the Modern World - Trends in Pesticides Analysis

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“…In the process, MIPs show a certain chemical affinity for the original molecule and were successfully used for selective extraction [86,87]. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is another new interesting SPE technique, which involves the use of a fiber coated with an extracting phase, that can be a liquid (polymer) or a solid (sorbent), which extracts different kinds of analytes from liquid or gas phase [88][89][90][91].The efforts done in aiming for an optimum material for a particular application with the classical-type SPE application are also not stopped. Analyte-antibody interactions were used to design immunosorbent, which can be used as a classical SPE material.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective separation of elements from complex solution matrix with molecular recognition plus macrocycles attached to a solid-phase: A review

Rahman

Begum

Hasegawa

2013

Microchemical Journal

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Microchemical Journal, 110: 485-493, 2013 The original publication is available at: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.microc.2013.06.006 Abstract Solid-phase extraction (SPE) approach was introduced approximately five decades ago, and until then development of SPE materials is seamlessly continued. Lately, the SPE-based research is increasingly focused in developing more explicit materials to achieve meticulous separation of elements from complex solution matrices with high concentrations of interfering ions. One group of SPE materials includes those with macrocyclic ligands immobilized on a solid-phase, which are capable of selective separation and preconcentration of elements, and such selectivity in metal retention is generally termed as molecular recognition. In the process, the designed 'host' material possesses a high degree of recognition to specific elements or groups of elements called 'guest', and the recognition capability remains effective at the very low concentrations of the 'guest' species or when those present in complex matrices. The routes to the development of element-selective SPEs, the operating principles, applications and limitations are discussed in this review. KeywordsSeparation; element-selectivity; Macrocycles; Solid-phase extraction; Molecular recognition 2 Microchemical Journal, 110: 485-493, 2013 The original publication is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2013.06.006 IntroductionAlthough metals and metalloids are ubiquitous in nature, the environmental concentrations of both toxic and essential elements have been largely increased mostly pursuant to anthropogenic activities related to the industrial development and improved living standards in modern societies. The growing extent of metal pollution also initiated a number of legislative measures, such as, RoHS or ELV directive has been imposed to specify the limit of trace elements in the industrial products, while the EU directive defined the acceptable concentrations of different elements in cultivable soils.Sensitive analytical techniques such as, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and so forth are available for precise analysis of trace elements in solution. An overall analytical process comprises a number of succeeding steps, including sampling, sample preparation, separation and quantification. Among the aforementioned steps, sample preparation is by far the most important error source in modern analytical method development due to the low species concentration or heterogeneous distribution of the analytes in the matrix as well as the complex nature of the sample matrices. Therefore, a clean-up/separation step is often recommended before the analytical determination of trace elements in effluent or industrial waste waters to avoid the interfering effect from the matrix ions or to facilitate preconcentration due to their low concentrations in samples. The t...

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Theory of Solid-Phase Microextraction

Cited by 277 publications

References 44 publications

Solid-phase microextraction for bioconcentration studies according to OECD TG 305

Solid-phase microextraction for bioconcentration studies according to OECD TG 305

Modern Sample Preparation Techniques for Pesticide Analysis

Selective separation of elements from complex solution matrix with molecular recognition plus macrocycles attached to a solid-phase: A review

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