Theranostic Niosomes as a Promising Tool for Combined Therapy and Diagnosis: “All-in-One” Approach

Abstract

Because of the great achievement and progress made for the generation of novel nanostructures, theranostic nanoplatforms have been the trending topic because of their intensive capability of therapy and diagnosis. Hence, theranostics have also recently been a generic strategy for personalized medicine. Moreover, traditional therapy modalities limit the use of chemotherapeutic agents for every patient, and this requires more effective drug-carrier systems by designing the formulation of drug in a specified way. Herein, we performed a generic theranostic platform in an "all-in-one" concept by the combination of two therapy modalities with an active targeting approach. To achieve this, 10 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) were encapsulated into folic acid (FA-)tagged niosome vesicles. The resulting AuNP−PpIX−FA niosomes were characterized, and their particle size was93 ± 17 nm with a high surface charge and encapsulation efficiency (around 85%). In the case of bioapplications for AuNP−PpIX−FA niosomes, folate-receptor-positive [FR(+)] human cervical cancer (HeLa) and FR-negative [FR(−)] human alveolar type II (A549)-like cell lines were examined with the relative control groups of theranostic vesicles. By testing the toxicity of vesicles, nontoxic concentrations were successfully introduced to the cell with the combined treatment of radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy. On the other hand, the cellular uptake of niosomes also showed great potential for FR(+) HeLa cells as the theranostic platform with an all-in-one approach.

89Zr Labeled Fe3O4@TiO2 Nanoparticles: In Vitro Afffinities with Breast and Prostate Cancer Cells

“…TiO 2 is a widely used photosensitizer and can generate oxidative radicals by light photons or ultrasound waves which have good penetration ability. TiO 2 has been applied as photosensitizer for cancer cells recently . Several kinds of photosensitizers such as porphyrin and its derivatives, 5,10,15,20‐ tetrakis(m‐hydroxyphenyl)chlorin, 5‐aminolevulinic acid, and TiO 2 have been explored for PDT treatment of cancers.…”

Gold nanoparticle conjugated poly(p‐phenylene‐β‐cyclodextrin)‐graft‐poly(ethylene glycol) for theranostic applications

“…Enhancement of the radiosensitivity of the U87 cells was investigated using bare AuNPs, PPP‐CD‐ g ‐PEG polymer and Au‐PPP‐CD‐ g ‐PEG conjugates under the influence of different irradiation doses (Figure ). 4 × 10 3 cells were seeded to 96‐well plates through the experiments to observe the use of Au/polymer conjugates as radiosensitizer more effectively . Before any radiation treatment (0 Gy), there was no different between the control group and all other experimental groups.…”

Protoporphyrin‐IX and Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Niosomes as Theranostic

“…A variety of drugs with a wide variety of solubilities may be trapped between the aqueous core or membrane bilayers of these structures. Thus, these nanosystems can function as multifunctional platforms that allow the loading of a wide variety of drug molecules . Niosomes can be used for receptor targeted therapy if they combine with a receptor targeted probe (peptide, antibody, or other receptor specific molecules).…”

“…We described folate receptor (FR‐) targeted niosomes, which were used to encapsulate gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and PpIX together. These nanovesicles could be promising candidates for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and radiotherapy (RT) as well as combined therapy (PDT+RT) and cell imaging applications in our previous work …”

“…Niosomes have potential importance as drug delivery systems . Therefore, this structure is used to encapsulate MnO‐DTPA NPs together with PP‐IX to reduce metal based toxicity.…”