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The hydrolytic behavior of Th 4+ , UO 2 2+ , and Ce 3+ was investigated using the potentiometric method at elevated temperatures in KCl medium. For each metal ion, stability constants were obtained from the pHmetric data using the program HYPERQUAD2006. The formation of [Th(OH)] 3+ , [Th(OH) 2 ] 2+ , [Th(OH) 3 ] + , Th(OH) 4 , [Th 4 (OH) 8 ] 8+ , and [Th 6 (OH) 15 ] 9+ for the thorium ion, [UO 2 (OH)] + , [(UO 2 ) 2 (OH) 2 ] 2+ , [(UO 2 ) 3 -(OH) 4 ] 2+ , and [(UO 2 ) 3 (OH) 5 ] + for the uranyl ion, and [Ce 2 (OH)] 5+ , [Ce 2 (OH) 2 ] 4+ , Ce(OH) 3 , and [Ce 2 (OH) 5 ] + for the cerium ion was taken into consideration. In addition, the effect of temperature on the stability constants was studied, and thermodynamic parameters were derived and discussed.

Purpose Herein, we present a pilot study concerning the use of fluorodeoxy glucose conjugated magnetite nanoparticles as a potential agent in magnetic nanoparticle mediated neuroblastoma cancer cell hyperthermia. This approach makes use of the ‘Warburg effect’, utilising the fact that cancer cells have a higher metabolic rate than normal cells. Materials and methods FDG-mNP were synthesized, then applied to the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cancer cell line and exposed to an AC magnetic field. 3D Calorimetry was performed on the FDG-mNP compound. Simulations were performed using SEMCAD X software using Thelonious, (an anatomically correct male child model) in order to understand more about the end requirements with respect to cancer cell destruction. Results We investigated FDG-mNP mediated neuroblastoma cytotoxicity in conjunction with AC magnetic field exposure. Results are presented for 3D FDG-mNP SARmnp (10.86 ± 0.99 W/g of particles) using a therapeutic dose of 0.83 mg/mL. Human model simulations suggest that 43 W/kg SARTheo would be required to obtain 42 °C within the centre of a liver tumour (Tumour size, bounding box x=64, y=61, z=65 [mm]), and that the temperature distribution is inhomogeneous within the tumour. Conclusion Our study suggests that this approach could potentially be used to increase the temperature within cells that would result in cancer cell death due to hyperthermia. Further development of this research will also involve using whole tumours removed from living organisms in conjunction with magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography.

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