Therapeutic dose as the point of departure in assessing potential health hazards from drugs in drinking water and recycled municipal wastewater

Bull, Richard J.; Crook, James; Whittaker, Margaret H.; Cotruvo, Joseph A.

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.12.010

Cited by 67 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The ADIs used in the current review are based on minimum therapeutic dose (MTD), the lowest concentration that induces a desired therapeutic effect among target populations. When the NOAEL is unavailable, several studies used the MTD with an appropriate safety factor (1000 for most compounds, Table 1, Prosser and Sibley, 2015) in order to estimate the safe level of exposure (Bull et al, 2011;World Health Organization, 2011). Uncertainty factors are applied to the NOAEL in order to account for a lack of information on the chemical being assessed (Renwick, 1995).…”

Section: Human Health Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comments on “Human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in plant tissue due to biosolids and manure amendments, and wastewater irrigation”

Malchi

Maor

Chefetz

2015

Environment International

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Section: Human Health Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comments on “Human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in plant tissue due to biosolids and manure amendments, and wastewater irrigation”

Malchi

Maor

Chefetz

2015

Environment International

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“…For unregulated contaminants with known toxicological information, the de minimis risk approach can be used. In order to specify de minimis benchmarks for these contaminants, a reference dose (RfD), acceptable daily dose (ADD), or predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) information expressing their toxicological relevance can be adopted [6,[23][24][25][26]. These benchmarks are considered in a risk-based action level (RBAL) following a framework proposed by the WHO [27] and the USA National Research Council [19] for chemical exposure via drinking water (considering a relative source contribution of 0.2):…”

Section: Setting Water Quality Performance Requirements In Potable Wamentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments in Potable Water Reuse

Drewes

Horstmeyer

2015

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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Potable water reuse through the use of treated wastewater effluents has been practiced for more than 50 years. The majority of projects worldwide are characterized as indirect potable water reuse, where an environmental buffer (groundwater aquifer or surface water reservoir) provided retention, additional attenuation, and blending prior to use as drinking water. In order to protect public health, these projects have utilized different treatment processes and combinations to establish multiple barriers against microbial and chemical contaminants. Due to the advancements in environmental analytical chemistry and the recognition of contaminants of emerging concern occurring in reclaimed water that might exhibit adverse health effects, additional advanced treatment processes (including ozone, advanced oxidation, activated carbon) were implemented. With increasing reliability of advanced water treatment processes and operational experience over several decades, the role of the environmental buffer to provide treatment and retention time has been revisited in projects that came online during the last 10 years. Recent trends are favoring direct potable water reuse applications in particular in the USA and Southern Africa that might evolve as the new paradigm for drinking water augmentation using impaired source water. However, questions remain regarding proper protection of public health, reliability and degree of treatment, appropriateness and design of monitoring strategies, maintenance requirements, and cost.

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“…Occasionally specific pharmaceuticals may be found in groundwater from past improper disposal of pharmaceuticals by burial or to older unsealed landfill, however, this is rare, not least because of the high value of most pharmaceuticals. Several studies have examined the issues surrounding pharmaceuticals in drinking water and WHO established an expert committee which reported in 2011 [20][21][22]. These studies demonstrated that pharmaceuticals are present at very low concentrations, generally less than 0.1 µg/litre in water sources.…”

Section: Emerging Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemicals in the water environment. Where do the real and future threats lie?

Fawell

2012

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanità

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Abstract. There are many potential sources of chemical constituents and contaminants in water that can reach drinking water. Not all substances will be present in any particular water. Some substances may be of benefit to health but others can be a threat. However, very few have been clearly shown to cause adverse health effects in humans through drinking water and evidence may be complicated by simultaneous exposure through food. Our knowledge of contaminants in water is, however, incomplete as additional contaminants emerge with advancing analytical methods. Most of these emerging contaminants are present as a consequence of day to day use by the wider human population and control requires a different approach to the substance by substance regulation prevalent at present.Key words: drinking water, chemicals, pollution, health.Riassunto (Sostanze chimiche nell'ambiente acquatico. Quali sono le minacce attuali e future?). Sono molte le fonti potenziali di costituenti e contaminanti chimici nell'acqua che possono raggiungere le acque potabili. Non tutte le sostanze sono presenti in ogni acqua, alcune possono giovare alla salute ma altre possono rappresentare una minaccia. Tuttavia, solo per un numero limitato di sostanze è stata chiaramente dimostrata una relazione causale per effetti avversi sulla salute associata al consumo di acqua potabile e le evidenze sono rese complicate dalla simultanea esposizione attraverso gli alimenti. La conoscenza dei contaminanti nelle acque è comunque incompleta poiché nuovi contaminanti emergono con lo sviluppo di metodi analitici avanzati. Gran parte di questi contaminanti è presente come conseguenza dell'uso quotidiano da parte di una popolazione crescente e i controlli richiedono un approccio regolatorio diverso da quello attuale basato sulle singole sostanze.Parole chiave: acque potabili, sostanze chimiche, contaminazione, salute.

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Therapeutic dose as the point of departure in assessing potential health hazards from drugs in drinking water and recycled municipal wastewater

Cited by 67 publications

References 65 publications

Comments on “Human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in plant tissue due to biosolids and manure amendments, and wastewater irrigation”

Comments on “Human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in plant tissue due to biosolids and manure amendments, and wastewater irrigation”

Recent Developments in Potable Water Reuse

Chemicals in the water environment. Where do the real and future threats lie?

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