Therapeutic doses of diazepam do not alter impulsive behavior in humans

Reynolds, Brady; Richards, Jerry B.; Dassinger, Michelle; Wit, Harriet de

doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.06.011

Cited by 50 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…These results, combined with other studies that have found alcohol-induced changes in impulsive behavior using different types of impulsivity tasks, add to the mounting support that impulsivity is not a unitary construct and that alcohol consumption can result in a variety of effects that are dependent on a number of different factors, including the type of impulsivity being tested. Because of this, as others have stated previously, it would be best to apply multiple measures to adequately characterize impulsive behavior (e.g., Barratt & Patton, 1983;Dougherty et al, 2003;Reynolds et al, 2004Reynolds et al, , 2006. Breath alcohol concentrations (BrAC) across the four testing Times for both men and women (mean ± SEM).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Impulsivity is a multi-dimensional construct (Acheson et al, 2006;Barratt & Patton, 1983;de Wit et al, 2002;Dougherty et al, 2003a;McDonald et al, 2003;Ortner et al, 2003;Reynolds et al, 2004Reynolds et al, , 2006) that can be operationally defined as "a predisposition toward rapid, unplanned reactions to internal or external stimuli without regard to the negative consequences of these reactions to the impulsive individual or to others" (Moeller et al, 2001;p. 1784).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A test of alcohol dose effects on multiple behavioral measures of impulsivity

Dougherty

Marsh-Richard

Hatzis

et al. 2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

159

125

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Background-Acute alcohol administration affects impulsive behavior, although these effects vary as a function of alcohol dose, assessment instrument, and time of measurement following administration.Methods-We concurrently examined the dose-dependent effects of alcohol on three distinct types of impulsivity tasks (continuous performance [IMT], stop-signal [GoStop], and delay-discounting [SKIP] tasks). Ninety healthy alcohol drinkers were assigned to one of the three task groups (n = 30 each), each group experienced placebo, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 g/kg alcohol doses across 5 experimental days, and task performance was assessed at 0.5 h before and 0.25, 1.0, and 2.0 h after alcohol administration. We hypothesized that impulsive responding on all tasks would be increased by acute alcohol administration both across time and during the peak BrAC, but the magnitude would depend on the task being tested. Analyses included the time-course and the peak BrAC effects. Task comparisons of peak behavioral changes following each dose are illustrated using standardized scores.Results-While alcohol consumption increased impulsive responding during all three tasks to some extent, our hypothesis was only partially supported. During the IMT, the 0.6 and 0.8 g/kg doses produced increased impulsive responding across time and at the peak BrAC. However, during the GoStop and SKIP, impulsivity increased across time regardless of the alcohol dose size, with no differences in impulsive responding among dose conditions at peak BrAC.Conclusions-This study demonstrated alcohol-induced changes in impulsivity are not uniformly affected by alcohol. These data, in conjunction with previous studies, further support that impulsivity is not a unitary construct.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A test of alcohol dose effects on multiple behavioral measures of impulsivity

Dougherty

Marsh-Richard

Hatzis

et al. 2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

159

125

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Acute administration of the stimulants methylphenidate (Pietras et al 2003) and D-amphetamine (de Wit et al 2002) decreased impulsive choice in humans; however, administration of alcohol (Ortner et al 2003;Richards et al 1999b), diazepam (Reynolds et al 2004a), and Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; McDonald et al 2003) did not change DD. A possible explanation for the negative findings is that the laboratory setting provides intoxicated participants with cues that inhibit impulsive choice (Olmstead 2006;Ortner et al 2003).…”

Section: Impulsive Choicementioning

confidence: 99%

The role of impulsive behavior in drug abuse

2008

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Impulsivity expressed as impulsive choice or inhibitory failure plays a role in several key transition phases of drug abuse. There is evidence to support all three nonexclusive hypotheses. Increased levels of impulsivity lead to acquisition of drug abuse (H1) and subsequent escalation or dysregulation of drug intake. Drugs of abuse may increase impulsivity (H2), which is an additional contributor to escalation/dysregulation. Abstinence, relapse, and treatment may be influenced by both H1 and H2. In addition, there is a relationship between impulsivity and other drug abuse vulnerability factors, such as sex, hormonal status, reactivity to nondrug rewards, and early environmental experiences that may impact drug intake during all phases of addiction (H3). Relating drug abuse and impulsivity in phases of addiction via these three hypotheses provides a heuristic model from which future experimental questions can be addressed.

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“…In humans, acute administration of methylphenidate [67] or d-amphetamine [20] decreases impulsive choice; however, discounting does not change with administration of alcohol [59,74], diazepam [71], or Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol [53]. However, since these studies were conducted in individuals with prior drug experience, preclinical research may be better suited to determine the acute effects of drugs on impulsive choice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impulsive choice and environmental enrichment: Effects of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate

Perry

Stairs

Bardo

2008

Behavioural Brain Research

123

114

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Individual differences in impulsive choice and rearing in differential environments are factors that predict vulnerability to drug abuse. The present study determined if rearing influences impulsive choice, and if d-amphetamine or methylphenidate alters impulsive choice in differentially-reared rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were raised from 21 days of age in either an enriched condition (EC) or an isolated condition (IC) and were tested as young adults on an adjusting delay task. In this task, two levers were available and a response on one lever yielded one 45 mg food pellet immediately, whereas a response on the other yielded three pellets after an adjusting delay. The delay was initially set at 6 sec, and it decreased or increased by 1 sec following responses on the immediate or delayed levers, respectively. A mean adjusted delay (MAD) was calculated upon completion of each daily session, and it served as the quantitative measure of impulsivity. Once MADs stabilized, rats were injected with saline, d-amphetamine (0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg, s.c.), or methylphenidate (2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg, s.c.) 15 min prior to adjusting delay sessions. EC rats had higher baseline MADs (were less impulsive) than IC rats. Additionally, administration of d-amphetamine, but not methylphenidate, dose-dependently increased impulsive choice (decreased MADs) in EC rats. In IC rats, d-amphetamine and methylphenidate dose-dependently decreased impulsivity (increased MADs). These results indicate that rearing environment influences impulsive choice and moderates the effect of psychostimulants on impulsive choice. Specifically, psychostimulants may decrease environment-dependent impulsive choice in individuals with high levels of impulsivity (e.g., those with ADHD), whereas they may increase impulsive choice in individuals with low levels of impulsivity.

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Therapeutic doses of diazepam do not alter impulsive behavior in humans

Cited by 50 publications

References 38 publications

A test of alcohol dose effects on multiple behavioral measures of impulsivity

A test of alcohol dose effects on multiple behavioral measures of impulsivity

The role of impulsive behavior in drug abuse

Impulsive choice and environmental enrichment: Effects of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate

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