“There Just Aren't Enough Hours in the Day’: The Mental Health Consequences of Time Pressure

Roxburgh, Susan

doi:10.1177/002214650404500201

Cited by 257 publications

(216 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Considering the time pressure experienced by most people (Gunnarsdóttir, Petsold, & Povlsen, 2014;Roxburgh, 2002Roxburgh, , 2004, this null finding is interesting. One might, for example, expect that lack of time would have consequences for constructs related to well-being, such as optimism and worry (Alarcon, Bowling, & Khazon, 2013).…”

Section: The Role Of Time Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Looking back in order to predict the future: Relative resource assessments and their relationship to future expectations

2018

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In this research, we investigated how relative resource assessments relate to future expectations. In previous research, resources are typically studied separately, and contextual influences and reference-point dependencies are often ignored. We addressed this in an online survey in which Icelanders (N = 611) assessed their economic, temporal, social, and emotional resources using four reference points (wants, others, past, future). We used exploratory factor analysis to reduce the four resources into three reliable factors: economic, temporal, and socio-emotional resources. Using hierarchical regression we found that assessments of socio-emotional and economic resources were related to future expectations, even after controlling for more objective resource markers, such as income and education. This relationship was strongest when past resources were used as the reference point for assessing current resources. We interpret these findings as suggesting that temporal comparisons to the past become more salient during times of instability, as Icelanders have recently gone through much economic and political turmoil. A psychological challenge for individuals recovering from economic collapse is to abstain from comparing current with past resource levels, as it elicits a loss experience. Overcoming a feeling that "it was better before" seems vital in re-establishing optimistic future expectations.Keywords: relative resource assessments, reference points, temporal relative deprivation, future expectations, optimism, worry It is well established that economic resources are positively related to well-being and positive future expectations (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002). Possessing a large resource reservoir makes individuals less vulnerable and facilitates the attainment of more resources (Hobfoll, 2002). Individuals who have enough resources therefore have good grounds for viewing the future brightly, as they can rest secure in the knowledge that they will most likely be able to face life's adversities. In contrast, people who feel that their resources are lacking may be worried about the future, as this exposes them to vulnerabilities ensued by negative events. But, how do you know if your current standing gives you cause for concern or optimism? Perhaps a subjective assessment of the available resources is as important as your objective resource levels! When making such an 1 Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Box 500, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. assessment you are likely to evaluate your current standing relative to a reference known to you, using some type of reference point for the assessment.The following scenario illustrates this assessment process: Imagine that you were able to save €1600 two years ago, and €1000 last ye...

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Section: The Role Of Time Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Looking back in order to predict the future: Relative resource assessments and their relationship to future expectations

2018

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“…32 Yet, there are other health issues besides stress and depression that have been linked to a lack of time in daily activity routines. Dixon and Broom (2007) argue that time pressure is the second of the seven deadly sins of obesity.…”

Section: How Time Pressure Is a Health Hazardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speed Kills: The Complex Links Between Transport, Lack of Time and Urban Health

Tranter

2010

J Urban Health

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Road safety experts understand the contribution of speed to the severity and frequency of road crashes. Yet, the impact of speed on health is far more subtle and pervasive than simply its effect on road safety. The emphasis in urban areas on increasing the speed and volume of car traffic contributes to ill-health through its impacts on local air pollution, greenhouse gas production, inactivity, obesity and social isolation. In addition to these impacts, a heavy reliance on cars as a supposedly 'fast' mode of transport consumes more time and money than a reliance on supposedly slower modes of transport (walking, cycling and public transport). Lack of time is a major reason why people do not engage in healthy behaviours. Using the concept of 'effective speed', this paper demonstrates that any attempt to 'save time' through increasing the speed of motorists is ultimately futile. Paradoxically, if planners wish to provide urban residents with more time for healthy behaviours (such as exercise and preparing healthy food), then, support for the 'slower' active modes of transport should be encouraged. INTRODUCTIONDecreasing the speed of urban transport can have positive impacts on the economy, the environment and health. This paper outlines the main themes of existing research on these impacts and then explores the possibility that there is a more subtle, but no less important, link between speed and health. The paper argues that speed has a cost that can be measured in money and in time. This can produce a paradox whereby 'faster' modes of transport lead to a loss of time. Lack of time, or time pressure, has been identified as an important factor in urban health, due to its negative impact on mental health but also due to its impact on the ability or willingness of people to engage in physical exercise or to avoid fast (junk) food.The arguments about the health impacts of speed apply most clearly to the use of private motor vehicles, and this paper focuses on the health impacts of increasing the speed of cars. However, some of the arguments are also relevant to other highspeed modes. For example, high-speed trains can encourage urban sprawl, the complex negative health impacts of which are outlined below.Tranter is with the School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, UNSW@ADFA, Canberra, ACT, Australia.Correspondence: Paul Joseph Tranter, PhD, School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, UNSW@ADFA, Canberra, ACT, Australia. (E-mail: paul.tranter@adfa.edu.au) EXISTING UNDERSTANDINGS OF THE LINKS BETWEEN SPEED AND HEALTHSpeed is most commonly seen as a health issue in relation to road crashes. There are several other ways in which the speed of motorised traffic is linked to factors that have clear negative health impacts. Increasing the speed of motorised traffic increases levels of pollution. 1 High car speeds can affect levels of physical activity through reductions in active transport, including children's independent mobility. Local social interactions are disrupted by high...

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“…There is a growing body of empirical data suggesting that also non-traumatic general life stress as, for example, daily, occupational stressors (e.g. Dormann & Zapf, 2004;Story & Repetti, 2006), worrying about one's fi nancial situation and health (Grulke et al, 2006), time pressure (Roxburgh, 2004) and life transitions stressors (e.g. adjustment to college, residential independence; Kiselica, Baker, Thomas, & Reedy, 1994;Lee & Gramotnev, 2007) has negative effects on subjective and physiological wellbeing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dealing with a ‘hidden stressor’: emotional disclosure as a coping strategy to overcome the negative effects of motive incongruence on health

et al. 2008

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“There Just Aren't Enough Hours in the Day’: The Mental Health Consequences of Time Pressure

Cited by 257 publications

References 52 publications

Looking back in order to predict the future: Relative resource assessments and their relationship to future expectations

Looking back in order to predict the future: Relative resource assessments and their relationship to future expectations

Speed Kills: The Complex Links Between Transport, Lack of Time and Urban Health

Dealing with a ‘hidden stressor’: emotional disclosure as a coping strategy to overcome the negative effects of motive incongruence on health

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