Thermal aging of carbon black filled rubber compounds. I. Experimental evidence for bridging flocculation

Schwartz, Gustavo Ariel; Cerveny, Silvina; Marzocca, A. J.; Gerspacher, M.; Nikiel, Leszek

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2003.09.007

Cited by 40 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Böhm and Nguyen 13 were the first to highlight this feature, and more details about this flocculation phenomenon were revealed in later papers. 8,9,14,15 In particular, introducing various silanes, which modify the surface of the silica for better compatibility with the polymer or create chemical links between the polymer backbone and the silica particles, can greatly suppress the filler flocculation process. 8,9 The nature of the polymer-silica interface, as altered by silanes, may also influence the molecular mobility of the polymer chains near the filler.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flocculation, Reinforcement, and Glass Transition Effects in Silica-Filled Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

Robertson

Lin

Bogoslovov

et al. 2011

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

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The introduction of silanes to improve processability and properties of silica-reinforced rubber compounds is critical to the successful commercial use of silica as a filler in tires and other applications. The use of silanes to promote polymer-filler interactions is expected to limit the development of a percolated filler network and may also affect the mobility of polymer chains near the particles. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) was reinforced with silica particles at a filler volume fraction of 0.19, and various levels of filler-filler shielding agent (n-octyltriethoxysilane) and polymerfiller coupling agent (3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane) were incorporated. Both types of silane inhibited the filler flocculation process during annealing the uncured rubber materials, thus reducing the magnitude of the Payne effect. In contrast to the significant reinforcement effects noted in the strain-dependent shear modulus, the bulk modulus from hydrostatic compression was largely unaltered by the silanes. Addition of polymer-filler linkages using the coupling agent yielded bound rubber values up to 71%; however, this bound rubber exhibited glass transition behavior which was similar to the bulk SBR response, as determined by calorimetry and viscoelastic testing. Modifying the polymer-filler interface had a strong effect on the nature of the filler network, but it had very little influence on the segmental dynamics of polymer chains proximate to filler particles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flocculation, Reinforcement, and Glass Transition Effects in Silica-Filled Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

Robertson

Lin

Bogoslovov

et al. 2011

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

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“…The compound with u p 5 11.7% demonstrates the most marked change in G 0 . It is suggested that, in the saturated rubber ERP, the annealing-induced silica agglomeration [20][21][22][23] causes the increment of G 0 and this process is more remarkable at mediate u p before the formation of a continuous filler network. On the other hand, the complicated G 0 variations of the unsaturated IR compounds are related to two competitive processes.…”

Section: Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thermal treatment of nanocomposites at elevated temperatures could accelerate the structural evolution of particle aggregates, as evidenced by various methods including creep and creep‐recovery, dielectric spectroscopy, real‐time trace of electrical resistivity, nuclear magnetic resonance, and dynamic rheology . The annealing‐induced structural evolution involving in aggregation of filler clusters with a constant fractal dimension results in variation of viscoelasticity of composites and the aggregation process is revealed to follow the first‐order kinetics in connection to diffusion of small isolated aggregates toward pre‐existing large aggregates in polymer melts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of annealing time on linear rheology and morphology of silica filled polyisoprene rubber and ethylene‐propylene rubber

Xie

Song

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Dynamic rheology in combination of fluorescence and molecular weight analysis was carried out to explore annealing‐induced structural evolutions in silica filled polyisoprene rubber (IR) and ethylene‐propylene rubber compounds containing rhodamine B modified silica of 2.5% in volume fraction. The results show that storage modulus of the ethylene‐propylene rubber compounds increases slightly with increasing annealing time while that of the IR compounds exhibits a peaking behavior at mediate silica contents. Fluorescence tests reveal that the silica agglomerates in both compounds while the agglomeration is more significant in the IR ones. Molecular weight analysis shows that IR in the compounds undergoes degradation during the annealing. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46679.

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“…Considering that the filler content dependence of electrical conduction for CPCs could be the source of many contradictory analyses and conclusions about experimental data, 27 it is necessary to distinguish the location of the filler volume fraction (u) with reference to the percolation threshold. Figure 1 shows the dependence of volume resistivity (q) versus u for PMVS/CB, PP/CB and PP/Nylon/CB composites.…”

Section: Percolation Transitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For CB filled amorphous polymers, the effect of thermal aging was generally attributed to the movement of CB aggregates 26 or the bound rubber related bridging flocculation of the polymer chains. 27 Some CPCs exhibit time-dependent resistance changes under constant stresses or strains, 28,29 which could be well related to the mechanical relaxations of the polymer matrix and the filler distribution in only the amorphous phase. 3 Li et al 30 reported that when exposed to solvent vapors CB filled polymer composites also show characteristic resistance increases because of structural relaxation due to matrix swelling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Room temperature resistance relaxation behavior for carbon black filled conductive polymer composites

Zhou

Song

Zheng

et al. 2007

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Room temperature resistance relaxation was studied with respect to carbon black (CB) volume fraction, the type of polymer matrix, and the environment. It was found that resistance of CB filled poly(methylvinylsiloxane) and polypropylene (PP) conductive composites changed at room temperature with different directions and amplitudes, depending on the filler volume fraction and the environment. The room temperature resistance relaxation was ascribed to the local Joule heat at the tunneling junction or the swelling effect of the solvents. On the other hand, CB filled immiscible PP/Nylon 1212 blends exhibited a stable electrical conduction due to the selective distribution of CB aggregates along the interface between polymer matrices.

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Thermal aging of carbon black filled rubber compounds. I. Experimental evidence for bridging flocculation

Cited by 40 publications

References 13 publications

Flocculation, Reinforcement, and Glass Transition Effects in Silica-Filled Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

Flocculation, Reinforcement, and Glass Transition Effects in Silica-Filled Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

Influence of annealing time on linear rheology and morphology of silica filled polyisoprene rubber and ethylene‐propylene rubber

Room temperature resistance relaxation behavior for carbon black filled conductive polymer composites

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