Thermal analysis of refrigeration systems used for vaccine storage :

Chojnacky, Michal; Miller, W. A.; Strouse, Gregory F.

doi:10.6028/nist.ir.7753

Cited by 14 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…During trials using the freezerless and dorm-style refrigerator models, we found that storing water bottles in the door of the unit improved overall temperature stability by reducing the impact of normal use conditions like opening the refrigerator door [1]. However, in trials of the dual-zone model, the difference in performance between the refrigerator with water bottles vs. without water bottles was less pronounced.…”

Section: Effect Of Door Opening and Closing-normal Use Simulationmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Referring again to the graph, some of the thermometers attached to walls (e.g. 1,4), in close proximity to a wall (15), or hanging in the air (e.g. 7, 9) recorded large temperature spikes followed by a drop below the 2 °C limit.…”

Section: Defrost Cyclementioning

confidence: 96%

“…In this investigation, we repeated the procedures used in our earlier evaluation of a dormitory-style refrigerator and a freezerless household refrigerator used for vaccine storage, as reported in NIST-IR 7656 [1]. Another study exploring the suitability and performance of pharmaceutical grade refrigerators for vaccine storage was conducted by the Test Research Group for the Australian General Practice Network [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal analysis of refrigeration systems used for vaccine storage :

Chojnacky¹,

Miller²,

Strouse³

2010

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Each year, billions of dollars of vaccines are stored in refrigerators at the facilities of a variety of medical providers. Many vaccines must be maintained in the range 2 °C to 8 °C to retain product potency. We have tested the performance of two types of refrigerators to determine if these refrigerators are suitable to this task, and to identify proper storage and temperature monitoring methods. Nineteen calibrated Type T thermocouples, distributed through the refrigerator interior, served as reference thermometers. Attachment of thermocouples directly to vaccine vials gave accurate measurements of the vaccine temperature, which often differed from the air or interior wall temperatures during door openings or defrost cycles. A household type dual-zone refrigerator/freezer [refrigerator compartment capacity = 0.400 m 3 (14.13 cu. ft.)] and a pharmaceutical grade refrigerator [capacity = 0.489 m 3 ] proved fully adequate at maintaining vial temperatures within the desired 2 °C to 8 °C range, independent of how the refrigerator was loaded. Tests of intermittent and continuous door opening and of simulated power outages demonstrated the value of adding water bottles to the door as a thermal ballast in the dual-zone refrigerator model. We tested five electronic data loggers as a means of continuously logging refrigerator temperatures. Properly located, data loggers and temperature monitors accurately monitored vial temperatures for extended periods.

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Section: Effect Of Door Opening and Closing-normal Use Simulationmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Defrost Cyclementioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal analysis of refrigeration systems used for vaccine storage :

Chojnacky¹,

Miller²,

Strouse³

2010

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“…Weil diese erste Datenanalyse auf Schwierigkeiten beim Impfkühlschrank- und Impfstoffmanagement hindeutete, untersuchen wir diesen Aspekt in der vorliegenden Studie detaillierter. Dabei werden relevante Aspekte wie das Vorgehen bei der Impfstoffbeschaffung und -bevorratung, praxisinterne Zuständigkeiten für die Impfstoffauswahl bei der Apothekenbestellung und für die Bestandskontrolle [16,17], die Verwendung eines Ordnungssystems im Kühlschrank [16][17][18] sowie die Aufbewahrung in Originalverpackungen und in Ordnungshilfen [17,21,22] thematisiert. Außer-temperature and expiration dates, and 95 % reported vaccine storage in original card box wrappings.…”

Section: Hintergrundunclassified

Impfkühlschrank- und Impfstoffmanagement in Hausarztpraxen: Eine repräsentative, Web-basierte Umfrage unter Hausärzten (Keep Cool I)

et al. 2015

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The purpose of this study was to analyse vaccine refrigerator and vaccine management in primary care and to identify physician- and practice-related influencing factors. Adequate cooling of vaccines in a temperature range of 2-8°C is essential to assure vaccine effectiveness. Studies from various countries have demonstrated cooling chain problems. We surveyed general practitioners about the quality of their vaccine refrigerator and vaccine management and aimed at identifying physician- and practice-related influencing factors. A cross-sectional, web-based questionnaire survey was performed among 3 physician populations in primary care: a 10% random sample of general practitioners (n=954), all teaching physicians of the Universities Duisburg-Essen (n=221) and Halle-Wittenberg (n=92). Surveyed were items on the following 6 aspects: (1) responsibilities within practice teams, (2) vaccine ordering and storing, (3) criteria for the vaccine pre-selection, (4) stocking system inside the refrigerator, (5) wrapping, and use of stocking boxes, (6) refrigerator and temperature control. The quality indicator "comprehensive refrigerator management" was defined to include 4 aspects: (1) separate refrigerator, (2) written temperature documentation (temperature-logbook), (3) regular storage control (wrapping, temperature and expiration date), and (4) storage in original wrappings. A total of 278 physicians participated in the survey (22%). Of these, 80% had a separate refrigerator, 52% reported written temperature documentation, 93% documented regular storage control addressing vaccine wrappings, temperature and expiration dates, and 95% reported vaccine storage in original card box wrappings. A "comprehensive refrigerator management" was realised by 42% of the practices. This indicator was reached more frequently by practices with 3 or more physicians (p=0.01) and those with an additional qualification in travel medicine (p=0.036). Our survey showed good results for most aspects of the refrigerator and vaccine management but room for improvement with regard to temperature documentation.

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“…NIST evaluated VFC cold-chain management practices in a series of studies designed to replicate everyday conditions in vaccine provider offices [2,3]. Effective vaccine storage and handling practices hinge on the use of suitable temperaturecontrolled storage cabinets, along with an accurate temperature monitoring setup capable of tracking vaccine temperature history.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods for accurate cold-chain temperature monitoring using digital data-logger thermometers

Chojnacky

Miller

Strouse

2013

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Complete and accurate records of vaccine temperature history are vital to preserving drug potency and patient safety. However, previously published vaccine storage and handling guidelines have failed to indicate a need for continuous temperature monitoring in vaccine storage refrigerators. We evaluated the performance of seven digital data logger models as candidates for continuous temperature monitoring of refrigerated vaccines, based on the following criteria: out-of-box performance and compliance with manufacturer accuracy specifications over the range of use; measurement stability over extended, continuous use; proper setup in a vaccine storage refrigerator so that measurements reflect liquid vaccine temperatures; and practical methods for end-user validation and establishing metrological traceability. Data loggers were tested using ice melting point checks and by comparison to calibrated thermocouples to characterize performance over 0 °C to 10 °C. We also monitored logger performance in a study designed to replicate the range of vaccine storage and environmental conditions encountered at provider offices. Based on the results of this study, the Centers for Disease Control released new guidelines on proper methods for storage, handling, and temperature monitoring of vaccines for participants in its federally-funded Vaccines for Children Program. Improved temperature monitoring practices will ultimately decrease waste from damaged vaccines, improve consumer confidence, and increase effective inoculation rates.

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Thermal analysis of refrigeration systems used for vaccine storage :

Cited by 14 publications

References 1 publication

Thermal analysis of refrigeration systems used for vaccine storage :

Thermal analysis of refrigeration systems used for vaccine storage :

Impfkühlschrank- und Impfstoffmanagement in Hausarztpraxen: Eine repräsentative, Web-basierte Umfrage unter Hausärzten (Keep Cool I)

Methods for accurate cold-chain temperature monitoring using digital data-logger thermometers

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