Thermal and Burning Properties of Poly(lactic acid) Composites Using Cellulose-Based Intumescing Flame Retardants

Fox, Douglas M.; Temburni, Srilatha; Novy, Melissa; Flynn, Laura; Zammarano, Mauro; Kim, Yeon S.; Gilman, Jeffrey W.; Davis, Rick D.

doi:10.1021/bk-2012-1118.ch016

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The LOI value of the PLA/ APP/MA/PPR composite with the UL-94 V-0 rating was 34%, which is higher than the LOI value exhibited by the combined use of PPG and CD (i.e., 30.5%). Other than lignin and starch, nanofibrillated cellulose fibers (NFC), POSS-modified cellulose (PNFC), and rice hull flour (RHF) were used as natural carbon sources for IFR formulations by Fox et al [44]. These natural carbon sources were added in combination with APP to improve the FR properties of PLA.…”

Section: Poly(lactic Acid) With Intumescent Flamementioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retarded poly(lactic acid): A review

Chow

Teoh

Karger‐Kocsis

2018

Express Polym. Lett.

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Section: Poly(lactic Acid) With Intumescent Flamementioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retarded poly(lactic acid): A review

Chow

Teoh

Karger‐Kocsis

2018

Express Polym. Lett.

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“…In recent years, many researches about flame‐retardant PLA materials have been proposed . Among them, the most efficient flame‐retardant system for PLA is the combination of APP and the bio‐based charring agent such as lignin, starch, and β‐cyclodextrin (CD) . Moreover, numerous studies show that the addition of nanofillers to polymers could improve the flame‐retardant properties of the composites .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[14][15][16] Among them, the most efficient flame-retardant system for PLA is the combination of APP and the bio-based charring agent such as lignin, starch, and β-cyclodextrin (CD). [17][18][19][20][21][22] Moreover, numerous studies show that the addition of nanofillers to polymers could improve the flame-retardant properties of the composites. 23,24 Nanofillers such as montmorillonite, metal oxide, and graphene exert a flame-retardant effect through forming the barrier layers, catalyzing the graphitization of polymers, and changing the decomposition pathway and decomposition behavior of the composites.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of a novel polyphosphazene/triazine bi‐group flame retardant in situ doping nano zinc oxide and its application in poly (lactic acid) resin

et al. 2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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A novel polyphosphazene/triazine bi‐group flame retardant in situ doping nano ZnO (A4‐d‐ZnO) was synthesized and applied in poly (lactic acid) (PLA). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were used to confirm the chemical structure of A4‐d‐ZnO. The thermal stability and the flame‐retardant properties of the PLA composites were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL‐94), and micro combustion calorimeter (MCC) test. The results of XPS showed that A4‐d‐ZnO has been synthesized, and the doping ratio of ZnO was 7.2% in flame‐retardant A4‐d‐ZnO. TGA results revealed that A4‐d‐ZnO had good char forming ability (40 wt% at 600°C). The results of LOI, vertical burning test, and MCC showed that PLA/5%A4‐d‐ZnO composite acquired a higher LOI value (24%), higher UL94 rating, and lower pk‐HRR (501 kW/m2) comparing with that of pure PLA. It indicated that a small amount of flame‐retardant A4‐d‐ZnO could achieve great flame‐retardant performance in PLA composites. The catalytic chain scission effect of A4‐d‐ZnO could make PLA composites drip with flame and go out during combustion, which was the reason for the good flame‐retardant property. Moreover, after the addition of A4‐d‐ZnO, the impaired mechanical properties of PLA composites are minimal enough.

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“…Pentaerythritol (PER) and its derivatives are typical char‐forming agent materials and have been extensively studied. However, with the increasing demand for green and sustainable development of materials, researchers have gradually turned their attention to natural materials such as starch, cellulose, lignin, and cyclodextrins (CDs), which are derived from renewable resources, rich in reserves and easily available. Among them, CDs are oligosaccharide formed by the enzymatic modification of starches, and composed of several glucose units arranged in the shape of a hollow truncated cone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crosslinking of β‐cyclodextrin and combining with ammonium polyphosphate for flame‐retardant polypropylene

Ding

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This work presents the synthesis of crosslinked hexamethylene diisocyanate β‐cyclodextrins (HDI‐CDs) by reacting β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) with HDI as a crosslinking agent at different feed ratios. As a novel char‐forming agent, the HDI‐CDs are combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and applied in polypropylene (PP) to form intumescent flame‐retardant composites. The structure of HDI‐CDs is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption test. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicate that HDI‐CDs have better char‐forming performance than β‐CD. FTIR spectra, X‐ray diffraction, and Raman spectra characterization demonstrate that the reaction between HDI‐CDs and APP contributes to the formation of a more stable char layer than β‐CD and APP. According to the results of TGA, scanning electron microscopy, limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy test, when the crosslinking degree of HDI‐CDs is high enough (not less than β‐CD:HDI = 1:3.6), the PP/APP/HDI‐CDs composites can form a compact and dense char layer during combustion. Among all composites, PP/APP/HDI‐CD(4) shows the best flame‐retardant performance, which can pass the UL 94 V‐0 rating with an LOI value of 32.8% when the loading of flame retardants is 28 wt %. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48320.

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Thermal and Burning Properties of Poly(lactic acid) Composites Using Cellulose-Based Intumescing Flame Retardants

Cited by 12 publications

References 18 publications

Flame retarded poly(lactic acid): A review

Flame retarded poly(lactic acid): A review

Synthesis of a novel polyphosphazene/triazine bi‐group flame retardant in situ doping nano zinc oxide and its application in poly (lactic acid) resin

Crosslinking of β‐cyclodextrin and combining with ammonium polyphosphate for flame‐retardant polypropylene

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