“…The average friction factor in the inner tube with the addition of the DWT with Rb = 0.28, 0.35, and 0.42 increased by 11.8, 13.4, and 15.5, respectively, compared with the much lower friction factor values of the LS and plain tube, although the values of LS were slightly better those of the plain tube. Rb = 0.42 showed the highest f value, which may be attributed to the increased surface area (solid-winglet/tape) that induced a larger recirculation zone behind the winglet, leading to higher vortex strength, higher turbulence intensity, and an enhanced friction factor [28]. …”