Thermal cracking of jet propellant-10 with the addition of a core-shell macroinitiator

Ye, Dengfeng; Mi, Ji; Bai, Shuaishuai; Zhang, Lifeng; Guo, Yongsheng; Fang, Wenjun

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115667

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…During the flight of hypersonic vehicles (Mach > 5), the surface temperature of the combustion chamber increases sharply because of severe friction between the vehicles and air . Endothermic hydrocarbon fuels that can serve as both the propellant and coolant have been used to solve the thermal management problems of hypersonic vehicles. − They can not only provide a powerful driving force for hypersonic vehicles but also absorb heat through physical and chemical heat sinks. − exo -Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (Figure a), as a high energy-density hydrocarbon, possessing many advantages, such as suitable flash point, low freezing point, and high heat sink capability, is one candidate of advanced functional fuels. It is usually applied as a single-component jet fuel for volume-limited aviation combustion chambers. − However, the application of exo -tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene is limited to a certain extent by its poor properties of fluidity, ignition, and combustion which are related to its relatively high viscosity and high carbon to hydrogen ratio (C/H) …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Density and Viscosity Measurements on the Ternary System of exo-Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (1) + n-Decane (2) + Iso-Butanol (3) and Corresponding Binary Systems

Zhao

Dai

et al. 2020

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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exo-Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene can serve as both the propellant and coolant in hypersonic vehicles. However, its applications are restricted by the poor properties of ignition and combustion to some extent. Fuel additives such as appropriate alcohols have the ability to overcome these deficits. Research on thermophysical properties of the mixtures composed of exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene and fuel additives can provide important information for the research of fuel additives. In this work, densities and viscosities of the ternary system of exotetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (1) + n-decane (2) + iso-butanol (3) and three corresponding binary systems have been measured over the whole composition range in the temperature range from 293.15 to 333.15 K with an interval of 5 K and at pressure p = 0.1 MPa. The values of excess molar volumes (V m E ) and viscosity deviations (Δη) of three binary systems and the ternary system were calculated and then fitted to the Redlich−Kister equation and four semiempirical equations, respectively. The variations of V m E and Δη were explained from the viewpoints of intermolecular forces and structural effects. Furthermore, the Jouyban−Acree model was used to correlate the values of densities (ρ) and viscosities (η) of the studied mixtures with high accuracy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Density and Viscosity Measurements on the Ternary System of exo-Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (1) + n-Decane (2) + Iso-Butanol (3) and Corresponding Binary Systems

Zhao

Dai

et al. 2020

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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“…HPAMAM was developed as a novel macroinitiator for initiating and promoting the cracking of endothermic hydrocarbons. The effect of the local microenvironment with a high concentration of radicals at high temperatures enables HPAMAM to achieve significant cracking and heat-sink enhancement of hydrocarbon fuels at low addition levels. , Therefore, HPAMAM is key to not only the preparation of high-performance oil-soluble NPs but also the generation of free radicals to further promote fuel cracking. The composite catalysts obtained by encapsulating nanoparticles with hyperbranched poly(amidoamine) are thus assumed to excel in supercritical cracking of fuels, as depicted in Scheme .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Strategy for High-Performance Integrated Catalysts for Cracking Hydrocarbon Fuels

Zhao

Bai

et al. 2019

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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In this study, we described the synthesis, characterization, and application of hyperbranched polymer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles (HEMNs) as integrated catalysts for the supercritical cracking of hydrocarbon fuels. The metal precursor was extracted into the organic phase using a hydrocarbon-soluble hyperbranched poly(amidoamine) (CPAMAM) and then reduced in situ by NaBH4 to produce HEMNs with virtually a single-size distribution. The monitoring of the preparation process by UV–vis demonstrated the feasibility of this encapsulation approach, and the successful synthesis of three different types of HEMNs, metal (Pd, Pt, Au)@CPAMAM, reflected the universality of this method. Compared with the existing catalyst octadecylamine-stabilized Pd nanoparticle, Pd@18N, HEMNs were superior in every aspect. The new encapsulation method allowed metal NPs to have a smaller particle size beneficial to their overall specific surface area and a higher proportion of active surface atoms for a better catalytic activity. Moreover, the space-limiting effect of the polymer allowed the three HEMNs to be highly dispersed in decalin and exhibited admirable stability under storage tests for up to 12 months and high-temperature stability tests at 180 °C. During the supercritical cracking of decalin, Pd@CPAMAM possessed a much better catalytic performance than Pd@18N and CPAMAM (which can also be used as a macroinitiator). To obtain the same heat sink of 3.02 MJ/kg, the temperature could be lowered from 725 to 701, 693, and 699 °C for Pd, Pt, and Au HEMNs, respectively. Pt HEMN turned out to be the best due to its excellent catalytic dehydrogenation/cracking performance, with the conversion of decalin increasing from 22.3 to 50.7% and the heat sink rising from 2.18 to 2.62 MJ/kg with the existence of 50 ppm Pt@CPAMAM, at 675 °C. The significant enhancements were ascribed to the synergistic catalysis through the remarkable abilities of nanometals to catalyze dehydrogenation/cracking of fuel, the supercritical stabilization effects from CPAMAM, and the initiation effects of the hyperbranched polymer CPAMAM.

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“…As displayed in Figure c,d, with the addition of 0.10 wt % CBHPG, the conversion and gas yield of n -undecane gradually increase with the rise of the reaction temperature. The increasing molecular weight of CBPHG is beneficial to improving the cracking conversion and gas yield of n -undecane, which is consistent with the phenomenon observed in previous studies . With the existence of CBHPG-3, the conversion and gas yield at 675 °C rise from 60.3 and 32.4 to 70.9 and 44.3%, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The thermal oxidation deposition and cracking performance of hydrocarbon fuels with CBHPG were evaluated in a tubular reactor which was used to simulate the heat-exchange process of fuels in microchannels of an aircraft engine. The structure of the experimental apparatus is given in Figure , and the details of the cracking experiments can be found in our previous work. , As a kind of superalloy with a maximum operating temperature of 1100 °C, the GH3128 tube (1 m length, 3.0 mm outer diameter, and 2.0 mm inner diameter) was chosen to be the reaction channel. Considering the catalytic effect of metal, the tube was completely passivated at a high temperature (over 800 °C) before the experiment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the development of hypersonic vehicles, the pursuit of a higher speed is the practical direction of an aircraft, which would inevitably bring about more harmful heat energy. , The endothermic capability of a fuel, defined as heat sink, would be difficult to meet the application demand due to the deficient cracking conversion. , Therefore, apart from the oxidation stability, depressed heat sink of hydrocarbon fuel is also an urgent problem to be solved. , Several strategies have been proposed to enhance the heat sink for different hydrocarbon fuels. − Among these, oil-soluble macroinitiators with sufficient polymerization seem to be the most practical choice to address this problem. Given the unique structure and rich modifiable sites of the hyperbranched polymer, we have proved in a previous work that the macromolecular initiators (MIs) such as palmitoyl hyperbranched polyglycerol (PHPG), palmitoyl hyperbranched poly(amidoamine) (CHPAMAM), and MI could significantly enhance the cracking performance of hydrocarbon fuels. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strategically Designed Hyperbranched Polyglycerol as an Efficient Integrated Additive for Hydrocarbon Fuels

Jiang

Shao

et al. 2023

J. Phys. Chem. C

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In this study, palmitoyl and hindered phenolic hyperbranched polyglycerol (CBHPG), with hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) as the structural core and hindered phenol or alkyl chain as the decorated shell, has been strategically designed and synthesized as an efficient integrated additive to enhance the energy efficiency and inhibit the oxidation coking of hydrocarbon fuels. The superior thermal stability and solubility of CBHPG were confirmed by thermal gravimetric analysis and dynamic light scattering. In the presence of CBHPG with high antioxidant activity, the oxidation induction time of n-undecane increased more than 2-fold at 170 °C. In deposition tests, the amphiphilic macromolecule CBHPG showed excellent performance with 58% oxidation coking inhibition rate of Chinese Jet Fuel (RP-3). The Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Stability test at 355 °C also exhibited that CBHPG could greatly reduce the deposit of RP-3 by decreasing the deposit rating from >4 to <1. In cracking experiments, the addition of 0.1 wt % CBHPG with sufficient polymerization could increase the conversion of n-undecane by 17.6%, with the corresponding heat sink by 6.1% at 675 °C. The above results indicated that CBHPG could efficiently enhance the performance of hydrocarbon fuels due to multipurposes in antioxidation, coking inhibition, and cracking promotion. CBHPG with a strategically designed structure as an integrated additive shows great promise in improving the energy efficiency and safety in future advanced aircraft.

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Thermal cracking of jet propellant-10 with the addition of a core-shell macroinitiator

Cited by 23 publications

References 40 publications

Density and Viscosity Measurements on the Ternary System of exo-Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (1) + n-Decane (2) + Iso-Butanol (3) and Corresponding Binary Systems

Density and Viscosity Measurements on the Ternary System of exo-Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (1) + n-Decane (2) + Iso-Butanol (3) and Corresponding Binary Systems

New Strategy for High-Performance Integrated Catalysts for Cracking Hydrocarbon Fuels

Strategically Designed Hyperbranched Polyglycerol as an Efficient Integrated Additive for Hydrocarbon Fuels

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