Thermal effect of a 445 nm diode laser on five dental implant systems: an in vitro study

Abstract

The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the thermal effect of the 445 nm diode laser on five dental implant systems. In an ailing implant protocol, five commercial dental implant systems were subjected to 445 nm diode laser energy at different wattages [W], exposure times, and modes (continuous wave [CW] vs. pulsed and contact vs. non-contact) of laser beam delivery. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allowed the evaluation of irradiated implant surfaces. A total of 2880 temperature response curves were recorded. The 445 nm wavelength caused temperature increases of more than 10 °C at or above the 0.8 W power level working in CW mode for 5 s and in pulsed mode at 3 W for 20 s with 10% duty cycle. Highest rises in temperature were seen in the Straumann Pure ceramic implant, lowest in the Ankylos system. SEM analysis revealed no surface alteration in all systems in non-contact mode. The applied laser is not inherently safe for the decontamination of ailing implants. From the results of this study it was concluded that different dental implant materials and geometries show different temperature response curves when subjected to 445 nm diode laser energy. Clinicians ought to be aware of this. Therefore, manufacturers of laser devices should provide implant-specific laser parameters for the decontamination process. However, both laser irradiation systems can prevent harmful rises in temperature and surface alteration when used at moderate laser parameters.

A Novel Technique for Disinfection Treatment of Contaminated Dental Implant Surface Using 0.1% Riboflavin and 445 nm Diode Laser—An In Vitro Study

“…The same author concluded that using a 445nm diode laser in continuous wave (CW) mode (≥0.8 W), and higher power outputs (≥1.0 W) in pulsed mode for longer exposure times (>10 s) may cause harmful rises in temperature of more than 10 • C. However, both CW and pulsed laser irradiation can prevent harmful rises in temperature when used at moderate parameters (1 W, 10 s, 50% DC or 3 W, 20 s, 10% DC). [29]. Knowing this, the 445 nm laser (320 µm, 60 s, 200 mW, Q power = 100 mW, 100 Hz, 124.34 W/cm 2 , 1.24 J/cm 2 ) used in the study with an output power of 100 mW is safe to use, and pulsed mode makes its use more secure and prevents potential rises in temperature.…”

“…However, both CW and pulsed laser irradiation can prevent harmful rises in temperature when used at moderate parameters (1 W, 10 s, 50% DC or 3 W, 20 s, 10% DC). [ 29 ]. Knowing this, the 445 nm laser (320 µm, 60 s, 200 mW, Q power = 100 mW, 100 Hz, 124.34 W/cm 2 , 1.24 J/cm 2 ) used in the study with an output power of 100 mW is safe to use, and pulsed mode makes its use more secure and prevents potential rises in temperature.…”

Effects of lasers on titanium dental implant surfaces: a narrative review

“…Since diode lasers are available over a broad range of wavelengths, from the visible region extending into the near infrared, careful attention must be paid to how the diode laser energy interacts with blood, gingival tissues and the dental implant components. Some diode laser wavelengths will absorb very strongly into blood, such as those in the visible blue and visible green regions, and this will change the temperature responses at the site of irradiation [83]. For this reason, manufacturers of diode laser devices should provide detailed advice on the appropriate parameters for an implant decontamination.…”

“…For this reason, manufacturers of diode laser devices should provide detailed advice on the appropriate parameters for an implant decontamination. Avoiding continuous wave mode would limit extent of local heating, as would using low average laser powers [83]. In view of the large number of diode laser wavelengths available, comparison between studies is difficult, and each laser will need bespoke settings to maximise effectiveness and safety.…”

The blue wavelengths in laser dentistry: a review of current literature

“…Deppe et al have tested under an in vitro experimental setup the thermal impact of blue light irradiation on five types of dental implants. The 445-nm wavelength-induced temperature increases of more than 10 °C at or above 0.8 W power working in CW mode for 5 s and in gated mode at 3 W for 20 s with 10% duty cycle, which means that it is contra-indicated to clinically use blue diode at this output powers in peri-implantitis treatment, as it might negatively affect the osseointegration [6].…”