Thermal properties, curing characteristics and water absorption of soybean oil-based thermoset

Tan, Soo-Choon; Chow, W. S.

doi:10.3144/expresspolymlett.2011.47

Cited by 62 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In ESO or EGS, the epoxy crosslink sites in the FA chains are located at the 9 th and 10 th carbons in the oleic acid and could be also at the 12 nd and 13 th carbons in linoleic acid, which leave the rest of the chain up through 18 th carbon as an ineffective chain end in the crosslinked polymer ( Figure 7). Furthermore, the presence of saturated palmitic or stearic acids in ESO triglyceride structure also behave like pendant chain [42], so the inactive parts, e.g., pendant chains and saturated FAs, in ESO and EGS constitute 34.8 and 18% of total mass, respectively. These maybe subtracted from the dry and swollen sample weights to obtain a corrected M c * , because end-linked networks were assumed during swelling test, in fact pendant chains are not contributed to the total crosslink densities [38].…”

Section: Crosslink Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Saturated FAs have no functional groups within the FA chain that then act as dangling chains, low in reactivity, to plasticize the final polymer. The saturated chains are detrimental to the final properties of polymers [42,43]. To improve reactivity and to increase hydroxyl number of soy based polyols, regionally selective enzymatic hydrolysis has been attempted to liberate saturated FAs, which were then removed by alkaline washing [44].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vegetable oil-derived epoxy monomers and polymer blends: A comparative study with review

Wang¹,

Schuman²

2013

Express Polym. Lett.

155

118

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Abstract. Glycidyl esters of epoxidized fatty acids derived from soybean oil (EGS) and linseed oil (EGL) have been synthesized to have higher oxirane content, more reactivity and lower viscosity than epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) or epoxidized linseed oil (ELO). The EGS and ESO, for comparison, were used neat and in blends with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). Thermosetting resins were fabricated with the epoxy monomers and either BF 3 catalyst or anhydride. The curing behaviors, glass transition temperatures, crosslink densities and mechanical properties were tested. The results indicated that polymer glass transition temperatures were mostly a function of oxirane content with additional influence of glycidyl versus internal oxirane reactivity, pendant chain content, and chemical structure and presence of saturated components. EGS provided better compatibility with DGEBA, improved intermolecular crosslinking and glass transition temperature, and yielded mechanically stronger polymerized materials than materials obtained using ESO. Other benefits of the EGS resin blend systems were significantly reduced viscosities compared to either DGEBA or ESO-blended DGEBA counterparts. Therefore, EGS that is derived from renewable sources has improved potential for fabrication of structural and structurally complex epoxy composites, e.g., by vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding.

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Section: Crosslink Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetable oil-derived epoxy monomers and polymer blends: A comparative study with review

Wang¹,

Schuman²

2013

Express Polym. Lett.

155

118

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“…As shown in Table 2, all of the samples have fairly low water absorption, less than 2%. Compared to a similar bio-based thermoset system based on epoxidized vegetable oil, most of the samples in this study show lower water absorption [40,41]. The highest absorption is observed for the samples with AE molar ratio = 1.0.…”

Section: 3moisture Uptakementioning

confidence: 53%

Bio-based high performance epoxy-anhydride thermosets for structural composites: The effect of composition variables

Paramarta

Webster

2016

Reactive and Functional Polymers

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Please cite this article as: Adlina Paramarta, Dean C. Webster, Bio-based high performance epoxy-anhydride thermosets for structural composites: The effect of composition variables, (2016), AbstractThe structure-property relationships of a designed series of anhydride-cured epoxidized sucrose soyate (ESS) thermosets were studied. Epoxidized sucrose soyate is a novel bio-based epoxy resin derived from sucrose and soybean oil fatty acids, and it contains an average of 12 epoxy functional groups per molecule. This epoxy resin was crosslinked with methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride to form polyester thermosets with high crosslink density, and a zinc-complex catalyst was used. In this study, the impact of composition variables-anhydrideto-epoxy molar ratio and catalyst amount-on the chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the thermosets were examined. All of the thermoset samples had very high gel fraction, which indicated excellent network connectivity. Samples made using an equimolar ratio of anhydrideto-epoxy groups had lower conversion of functional groups as shown by the somewhat lower gel fraction and higher moisture absorption. Analysis of the thermomechanical and tensile properties of the thermosets suggests that there is a factor interaction between anhydride-toepoxy molar ratio and catalyst amount. Furthermore, the results suggest that the molecular networks of the thermoset samples are fairly complex due to the simultaneous competing reactions between catalyst-initiated epoxy-anhydride, hydroxyl-initiated epoxy-anhydride, and epoxy homopolymerization.

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“…E′ is inversely proportional to M c , and the mathematical relations are given by the Eqs. (7) and (8), with d = density, R = gas constant, T = absolute temperature and E′ = storage modulus estimated at T g +40°C (Tan and Chow 2011):…”

Section: Dma Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-based epoxy resins with low molecular weight kraft lignin and pyrogallol

Engelmann

Ganster

2013

Holzforschung

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A low-molecular lignin fraction (L) was extracted for the preparation of bio-based epoxy resins. Various compositions with the "green" 1,3-glycerol diglycidyl ether (1) and the co-component pyrogallol (2) were tested. In a first series of experiments, thermosets consisting of 1 and L, were studied with respect to variable lignin contents between 20 and 50%. The best thermoset has a tensile strength of 37 MPa and a Young's modulus of 2.2 GPa at 40% lignin input. Secondly, lignin-free compositions of 1 and 2 were prepared. For a molar fraction of the functional groups (n(OH) n(Epoxy)(-1)) of 130%, the tensile strength could be enhanced to 93 MPa and the modulus reached 3.7 GPa. Finally, systems with all three components were examined. The best mechanical performance of the corresponding neat thermosets was reached at n(OH) n(Epoxy)(-1) of 130%. Tensile strength decreases slightly to 86 MPa and Young's modulus remains nearly unchanged at 3.2 GPa. Two resin compositions, L+ 1 and L+ 1+ 2, were tested for the preparation of unidirectional composites reinforced with man-made cellulosic fibers (50% by vol.). The bending strength was 208 MPa in combination with a bending modulus of 12.5 GPa

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Thermal properties, curing characteristics and water absorption of soybean oil-based thermoset

Cited by 62 publications

References 27 publications

Vegetable oil-derived epoxy monomers and polymer blends: A comparative study with review

Vegetable oil-derived epoxy monomers and polymer blends: A comparative study with review

Bio-based high performance epoxy-anhydride thermosets for structural composites: The effect of composition variables

Bio-based epoxy resins with low molecular weight kraft lignin and pyrogallol

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