Thermal properties of 3D printed products from the most common polymers

Bute, Irina; Tarasovs, S.; Vidinejevs, Sergejs; Vēvere, Laima; Sevcenko, Jevgenijs; Aniskevich, Andrey

doi:10.1007/s00170-022-10657-7

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The temperature–resistivity relationship was obtained for Koltron G1 and Proto-Pasta filament specimens with fused electrodes. The temperature range for testing was chosen in the margins of the examined materials’ softening temperature [ 34 ], beyond which the material is not likely to be used in real applications as a sensor. The averaged resistivity curves obtained from several specimens for each material were demonstrated in Figure 12 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Resistivity of 3D-Printed Polymer Elements

et al. 2023

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During this study, the resistivity of electrically conductive structures 3D-printed via fused filament fabrication (FFF) was investigated. Electrical resistivity characterisation was performed on various structural levels of the whole 3D-printed body, starting from the single traxel (3D-printed single track element), continuing with monolayer and multilayer formation, finalising with hybrid structures of a basic nonconductive polymer and an electrically conductive one. Two commercial conductive materials were studied: Proto-Pasta and Koltron G1. It was determined that the geometry and resistivity of a single traxel influenced the resistivity of all subsequent structural elements of the printed body and affected its electrical anisotropy. In addition, the results showed that thermal postprocessing (annealing) affected the resistivity of a standalone extruded fibre (extruded filament through a printer nozzle in freefall) and traxel. The effect of Joule heating and piezoresistive properties of hybrid structures with imprinted conductive elements made from Koltron G1 were investigated. Results revealed good thermal stability within 70 °C and considerable piezoresistive response with a gauge factor of 15–25 at both low 0.1% and medium 1.5% elongations, indicating the potential of such structures for use as a heat element and strain gauge sensor in applications involving stiff materials and low elongations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Resistivity of 3D-Printed Polymer Elements

et al. 2023

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“…The low density of Nylon and ABS ESD likely means a high free volume of the materials that is occupied by absorbed water and that provides the high moisture sorption capacity of both materials. More detailed and complex research is required to reveal the connections between the structure of filaments and their moisture absorption behaviour, especially considering possible recrystallisation and density changes, e.g., for PLA filament and printed samples, as discussed in [ 28 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moisture Sorption and Degradation of Polymer Filaments Used in 3D Printing

2023

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Experimental research of the moisture sorption process of 12 typical filaments used for FFF was performed in atmospheres with a relative humidity from 16 to 97% at room temperature. Materials with high moisture sorption capacity were revealed. Fick’s diffusion model was applied to all tested materials, and a set of sorption parameters was found. The solution of Fick’s second equation for the two-dimensional cylinder was obtained in series form. Moisture sorption isotherms were obtained and classified. Moisture diffusivity dependence on relative humidity was evaluated. The diffusion coefficient was independent of the relative humidity of the atmosphere for six materials. It essentially decreased for four materials and grew for the other two. Swelling strain changed linearly with the moisture content of the materials and reached up to 0.5% for some of them. The degree of degradation of the elastic modulus and the strength of the filaments due to moisture absorption were estimated. All tested materials were classified as having a low (changes ca. 2–4% or less), moderate (5–9%), or high sensitivity to water (more than 10%) by their reduction in mechanical properties. This reduction in stiffness and strength with absorbed moisture should be considered for responsible applications.

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“…Various 3D polymer materials are used in aerospace to meet the industry's stringent requirements, including high strength-to-weight ratios, resistance to extreme temperatures, and fire resistance [9]. The commonly used 3D polymer materials for aerospace applications include polyetherimide (PEI) [4,10], polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) [11], nylon or polyamide [12], polycarbonate (PC) [13,14], and polysulfone (PSU).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is primarily attributed to the inherent properties of the extruded filaments (traxels), the layer-oriented construction method, and the limited degree of fusion between individual layers [4,19]. These issues result in anisotropy in the flame-retardant [12,20], mechanical (including fatigue) [4,10,13,[21][22][23] and thermophysical [4,11,21,24,25] characteristics of 3Dprinted polymer parts, particularly in the direction perpendicular to the layering process (XZ). Moreover, because of voids and porosity inherent to the FFF printing process, polymer samples fabricated using FFF typically exhibit reduced mechanical strength and possess inferior overall mechanical properties when compared to components produced using conventional manufacturing methods like compression and injection moulding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Tensile, Thermal and Flame-Retardant Properties of Polyetherimide and Polyetherketoneketone Processed via Fused Filament Fabrication

Glaskova-Kuzmina,

Dejus,

Jātnieks

et al. 2024

Polymers

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Polymer materials are increasingly widely used in high-fire-risk applications, such as aviation interior components. This study aimed to compare the tensile, thermal, and flame-retardant properties of test samples made from ultra-performance materials, polyetherimide (PEI) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), using the fused filament fabrication process (FFF). The tensile tests were performed for these materials at different raster angles (0, 45, and 90°). The thermomechanical tests were done in the axial, perpendicular, and through-thickness directions to the extruded filaments. The impact of printing parameters on the flame retardancy of 3D-printed samples was investigated in vertical burn tests with varying specimen thicknesses and printing directions. Experimentally, it was testified that PEKK had better isotropic behaviour than PEI for mechanical performance, thermal expansion, and fire-resistant properties, which are essential in fabricating intricately shaped products.

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Thermal properties of 3D printed products from the most common polymers

Cited by 23 publications

References 45 publications

Electrical Resistivity of 3D-Printed Polymer Elements

Electrical Resistivity of 3D-Printed Polymer Elements

Moisture Sorption and Degradation of Polymer Filaments Used in 3D Printing

The Tensile, Thermal and Flame-Retardant Properties of Polyetherimide and Polyetherketoneketone Processed via Fused Filament Fabrication

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