“…The evolution from solid glass fibers into microstructured hollow-core fibers (HCFs) [8][9][10][11][12] has been driven by many of the fundamental advantages of HCFs, including a high laser damage threshold, low latency, low dispersion, low nonlinearity, and potentially very low attenuation, because of a change in the base material. Consequently, considerable interest in using HCFs in laser delivery, [13,14] gas-light interactions, [15,16] data transmission, [17][18][19][20] and fiber optical gyroscopes [20,21] is taken place. However, when compared with the mature technology of solid glass fibers, the difficulty of creating modal birefringence in an HCF is manifest; on the one hand, air has no photo-elastic effect, therefore ruling out stress birefringence, while on the other hand, a low-loss HCF with a large mode-field diameter usually operates in the weakly guiding region, which is not suited to produce high shape birefringence.…”