Cellulose
nanocrystals (CNCs) have recently attracted wide interest
due to their abundance, biocompatibility, and extraordinary physical
properties. In particular, easy manipulation of their surface properties,
hydrophilicity, and high aspect ratio make them ideal rheology modifiers;
yet, the gelation mechanisms and microscopic origin of the complex
rheological behavior in the presence of secondary components, such
as polymers and surfactants, are far from well understood. In this
work, we used light scattering, small-angle neutron scattering, and
bulk rheology to study the phase behavior and mechanical behavior
of aqueous CNC solutions in the presence of cationic 1-decyl trimethyl
imidazolium chloride and 1-decyl trimethyl imidazolium ferric tetrachloride.
The micelles of these surfactants form at similar cmc’s (about
50 mM) and adopt identical hydrodynamic sizes (on the order of a few
nanometers) and prolate-shaped ellipsoids but vary in their intermicelle
interactions (charged vs neutral), thus allowing us to clarify the
unprecedented effect of the surfactant micelle charge on the gel behavior
of the aqueous CNC–surfactant complexes. Our results show that
the positively charged micelles greatly strengthen the gel network
while excessive free micelles weaken the gels due to repulsive micelle–micelle
interaction. In the meantime, analysis of the transition from linear
to nonlinear deformation regimes suggests that the gels gradually
become more fragile with surfactant concentrations due to electrostatic
repulsion of the charged micelles. Such a surfactant concentration-dependent
gel fragility was not observed in the presence of the neutral micelles.
These results provide a great step further in our understanding of
the phase behavior and rheology of complex CNC–surfactant mixtures
and obtaining biocompatible hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties.