Thermal stability of ammonium salts as compatibilizers in polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites

Galimberti, Maurizio; Martino, Marco; Guenzi, Monica; Leonardi, Gabriella; Citterio, Attilio

doi:10.1515/epoly.2009.9.1.686

Cited by 22 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The chemical stability of quaternary ammonium surfactants at high temperature is a concern, as they may undergo Hoffman elimination or nucleophilic substitution to form a tertiary amine. However, the surfactants may remain thermally stable at a temperature below 423 K, based on tests for time periods up to 10 min. − Although this would be a concern for EOR of oil reservoirs, it is not much of a limitation for energized hydraulic fracturing fluids as the operations typically last only a few hours. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Temperature CO₂-in-Water Foams Stabilized with Cationic Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants

Chen¹,

Elhag²,

Worthen³

et al. 2016

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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The design of surfactants for stabilizing CO 2 -in-water (brine) (C/W) foams at high temperature is challenging given the low density (solvent strength) of CO 2 , limited surfactant solubility in brine, and a lack of knowledge of the interfacial and rheological properties. Herein, the tail length of trimethylammonium cationic surfactants was optimized to provide the desired phase behavior and interfacial properties for formation and stabilization of the C/W foams. The headgroup was properly balanced with a C 12−14 hydrocarbon tail to achieve aqueous solubility in 22% total dissolved solids (TDS) brine up to 393 K (120°C) along with high surfactant adsorption (area/surfactant molecule of 154 Å 2 ) at the CO 2 − water (C−W) interface which reduced the interfacial tension from ∼40 mN/m to ∼6 mN/m. For C 12−14 N(CH 3 ) 3 Cl, these properties enabled stabilization of a C/W foam with an apparent viscosity of 14 mPa·s at 393 K in both a crushed calcium carbonate packed bed (75 μm 2 or 76 Darcy) and a capillary tube downstream of the bed. In addition, the partition coefficient of the surfactant between oil and 22% TDS (255 kg/m 3 ) brine was less than 0.15, which would be beneficial for minimizing the loss of the surfactant to an oil phase in applications including enhanced oil recovery and hydraulic fracturing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Temperature CO₂-in-Water Foams Stabilized with Cationic Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants

Chen¹,

Elhag²,

Worthen³

et al. 2016

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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“…Masterbatches containing a diene rubber, either IR or NR or E-SBR or S-SBR and the organoclay were prepared by melt compounding, using either an Haake type internal mixer or a two roll mill, in a temperature range, from 70 °C to 120 °C, far from the beginning of degradation reactions of the ammonium salt [10]. The amount of organoclay in the composites, 12 phr (per hundred rubber), was low enough to have an easy dispersion in the rubber matrix and high enough to have detectable signals in the XRD pattern.…”

Section: Clay Intercalates With Organic Modifier In Rubber Nanocomposmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcement of diene elastomers by organically modified layered silicates

et al. 2009

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Nanocomposites were prepared based on diene rubbers and layered clays modified with an alkyl quaternary ammonium cation (organoclay). A diene rubber, either polybutadiene, or synthetic or naturally occurring polyisoprene or styrene-butadiene copolymer, was melt blended with either a preformed organoclay or with a mixture of pristine clay and ammonium cation. Besides isolated lamellae, nanocomposites showed the presence of crystalline organoclays with intercalated organic layers made only by low molecular mass substances, essentially the ammonium cation, and no evidences for the intercalation of polymer chains were observed. Dynamic-mechanical properties of sulphur cured compounds with carbon black as the main filler and a minor amount of organoclay were investigated. The organoclay was found to bring about a reduction of Mooney viscosity, an increase of storage modulus at low temperature as well as an increase of thermoplasticity.

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“…For example, many nonionic surfactants precipitate in an aqueous phase at elevated temperatures because of weaker hydrogen bonds formed with water. , Second, many surfactants undergo thermal degradation over a long time, which makes the injection of surfactants uneconomic. For example, Hoffman elimination may take place for quaternary amines at elevated temperatures and form tertiary amines. , Furthermore, a low surfactant oil/water (O/W) partition coefficient is desired for EOR applications to prevent the loss of surfactant to the oil phase . Finally, only nonionic and cationic surfactants have low adsorption on positively carbonate surfaces, which is essential to minimize surfactant loss. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Hoffman elimination may take place for quaternary amines at elevated temperatures and form tertiary amines. 27,28 Furthermore, a low surfactant oil/water (O/W) partition coefficient is desired for EOR applications to prevent the loss of surfactant to the oil phase. 29 Finally, only nonionic and cationic surfactants have low adsorption on positively carbonate surfaces, which is essential to minimize surfactant loss.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of CO₂-in-Water Foam Stabilized with Switchable Amine Surfactants at High Temperature in High-Salinity Brine and Effect of Oil

et al. 2018

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The design of surfactants for CO2-in-water (C/W) foams in carbonate reservoirs above 100 °C has been limited by thermal instability of surfactants, surfactant adsorption to mineral surfaces, and challenges in generating and stabilizing the foams. Here, we have identified a diamine surfactant, C12–14N(CH3)C3N(CH3)2 (Duomeen CTM), with good thermal stability (>1 month at 135 °C), that stabilizes viscous C/W foam with an apparent viscosity of up to ∼35 cP at 120 °C in 22% total dissolved solid (TDS) brine. Strong foams with excessively high viscosity were reported to be generated with longer-tailed C16–18N(CH3)C3N(CH3)2 (Duomeen TTM) that formed a viscoelastic aqueous phase. Here, the tail length was shorter for C12–14N(CH3)C3N(CH3)2 and thus a viscoelastic aqueous phase was not formed, resulting in a weaker CO2 foam with a more appropriate viscosity for the proposed applications. Moreover, at the lowest superficial velocity studied (4 ft/day), the apparent viscosity for C12–14N(CH3)C3N(CH3)2 was ∼20 fold lower than that of C16–18N(CH3)C3N(CH3)2, consistent with the lower viscosity for the aqueous phase. Not only the foam viscosity with C12–14N(CH3)C3N(CH3)2 was high enough for CO2 mobility control in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) but also it was low enough to be more favorable with regard to the injection pressure than the excessive high flow resistance associated with C16–18N(CH3)C3N(CH3)2. In addition, viscous C/W foam was maintained at low fractions of dodecane (model oil) and broke in the presence of large fractions of dodecane, both of which are beneficial to EOR. The oil/water (O/W) emulsions formed with C12–14N(CH3)C3N(CH3)2 were unstable and broke in 30 min, and the O/W partition coefficient depended greatly on pH at 120 °C in 22% TDS brine. All of these factors suggest that the surfactant C12–14N(CH3)C3N(CH3)2 is a good candidate for further evaluation and scale up for CO2 EOR, CO2 sequestration, and hydraulic fracturing at high salinities and temperatures.

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Thermal stability of ammonium salts as compatibilizers in polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites

Cited by 22 publications

References 4 publications

High Temperature CO₂-in-Water Foams Stabilized with Cationic Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants

High Temperature CO₂-in-Water Foams Stabilized with Cationic Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants

Reinforcement of diene elastomers by organically modified layered silicates

Design of CO₂-in-Water Foam Stabilized with Switchable Amine Surfactants at High Temperature in High-Salinity Brine and Effect of Oil

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Thermal stability of ammonium salts as compatibilizers in polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites

Cited by 22 publications

References 4 publications

High Temperature CO2-in-Water Foams Stabilized with Cationic Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants

High Temperature CO2-in-Water Foams Stabilized with Cationic Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants

Reinforcement of diene elastomers by organically modified layered silicates

Design of CO2-in-Water Foam Stabilized with Switchable Amine Surfactants at High Temperature in High-Salinity Brine and Effect of Oil

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Product

Resources

About

High Temperature CO₂-in-Water Foams Stabilized with Cationic Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants

High Temperature CO₂-in-Water Foams Stabilized with Cationic Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants

Design of CO₂-in-Water Foam Stabilized with Switchable Amine Surfactants at High Temperature in High-Salinity Brine and Effect of Oil