Thermalization dynamics of a gauge theory on a quantum simulator

Zhou, Zhong; Su, Guo-Xian; Halimeh, Jad C.; Ott, Robert; Sun, Hui; Hauke, Philipp; Yang, Bing; Yuan, Zhen-Sheng; Berges, Jürgen; Pan, Jian-Wei

doi:10.1126/science.abl6277

Cited by 131 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…A central motivation for the present study is related to the rapid advances in the quantum simulation of U(1) lattice gauge theories in one spatial dimension, with several pioneering experiments [63,64,81,82] having opened the way also towards observing many-body effects such as quantum phase transitions and quantum thermalization. In parallel, there has been a strong effort towards developing feasible quantum-simulation proposals for U(1) lattice gauge theories in two spatial dimensions [69,[83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91], with some first proof-of-principle experimental realizations [92].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper, we will investigate the limit where the magnitude of the spin representation has the smallest possible value | Ŝ| = S = 1 2 , and therefore displays physics that is outside the scope of the Wilson formulation. This limit is particularly pertinent for gauge-theory implementations in quantum simulators that represent gauge fields with a two-dimensional Hilbert space [62][63][64]. As mentioned before, within the link formulation, one can consider spin representations with increasing S to recover the Wilson-Kogut-Susskind limit.…”

Section: Hamiltonian and Gauss's Lawmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Ground-state phase diagram of quantum link electrodynamics in $(2+1)$-d

Hashizume¹,

Halimeh²,

Hauke³

et al. 2022

SciPost Phys.

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The exploration of phase diagrams of strongly interacting gauge theories coupled to matter in lower dimensions promises the identification of exotic phases and possible new universality classes, and it facilitates a better understanding of salient phenomena in Nature, such as confinement or high-temperature superconductivity. The emerging new techniques of quantum synthetic matter experiments as well as efficient classical computational methods with matrix product states have been extremely successful in one spatial dimension, and are now motivating such studies in two spatial dimensions. In this work, we consider a \mathrm{U}(1)U(1) quantum link lattice gauge theory where the gauge fields, represented by spin-\frac{1}{2}12 operators are coupled to a single flavor of staggered fermions. Using matrix product states on infinite cylinders with increasing diameter, we conjecture its phase diagram in (2+1)(2+1)-d. This model allows us to smoothly tune between the \mathrm{U}(1)U(1) quantum link and the quantum dimer models by adjusting the strength of the fermion mass term, enabling us to connect to the well-studied phases of those models. Our study reveals a rich phase diagram with exotic phases and interesting phase transitions to a potential liquid-like phase. It thus furthers the collection of gauge theory models that may guide future quantum-simulation experiments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hamiltonian and Gauss's Lawmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground-state phase diagram of quantum link electrodynamics in $(2+1)$-d

Hashizume¹,

Halimeh²,

Hauke³

et al. 2022

SciPost Phys.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Finally, our work opens the way to certifying entanglement in a fully scalable way in modern quantum simulators of LGTs [34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. An interesting application will be, e.g., to study the role of entanglement build-up in equilibration dynamics of gauge theories [25,59], which is a major open question in contemporary heavy-ion collision experiments [26,27]. be written as Ĉ′ + i∈I A ∪I B Ûa i ⊗ Ûb i , where the second term vanishes by hypothesis on H initial = H A (Z A ) ⊗ H B (Z B ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entanglement Witnessing for Lattice Gauge Theories

Panizza¹,

Almeida²,

Hauke³

2022

Preprint

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Entanglement is assuming a central role in modern quantum many-body physics. Yet, for lattice gauge theories its certification remains extremely challenging. A key difficulty stems from the local gauge constraints underlying the gauge theory, which separate the full Hilbert space into a direct sum of subspaces characterized by different superselection rules. In this work, we develop the theoretical framework of entanglement witnessing for lattice gauge theories that takes this subtlety into account. We illustrate the concept at the example of a U(1) lattice gauge theory in 2+1 dimensions, without and with dynamical fermionic matter. As this framework circumvents costly state tomography, it opens the door to resource-efficient certification of entanglement in theoretical studies as well as in laboratory quantum simulations of gauge theories.

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“…Using such approaches, various observables were computed with high accuracy [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Furthermore, there are exciting efforts to implement quantum simulations of the Schwinger model using various experimental setups [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] (for a review, see [26]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrete Chiral Symmetry and Mass Shift in Lattice Hamiltonian Approach to Schwinger Model

Dempsey¹,

Klebanov²,

Pufu³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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We revisit the lattice formulation of the Schwinger model using the Kogut-Susskind Hamiltonian approach with staggered fermions. This model, introduced by Banks et al., contains the mass term m lat n (−1) n χ † n χn, and setting it to zero is often assumed to provide the lattice regularization of the massless Schwinger model. We instead argue that the relation between the lattice and continuum mass parameters should be taken as m lat = m − 1 8 e 2 a. The model with m = 0 is shown to possess a discrete chiral symmetry that is generated by the unit lattice translation accompanied by the shift of the θ-angle by π. While the mass shift vanishes as the lattice spacing a approaches zero, we find that including this shift greatly improves the rate of convergence to the continuum limit. We demonstrate the faster convergence using both numerical diagonalizations of finite lattice systems, as well as extrapolations of the lattice strong coupling expansions.

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Thermalization dynamics of a gauge theory on a quantum simulator

Cited by 131 publications

References 44 publications

Ground-state phase diagram of quantum link electrodynamics in $(2+1)$-d

Ground-state phase diagram of quantum link electrodynamics in $(2+1)$-d

Entanglement Witnessing for Lattice Gauge Theories

Discrete Chiral Symmetry and Mass Shift in Lattice Hamiltonian Approach to Schwinger Model

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