Thermally activated (“thermal”) battery technology

Guidotti, Ronald A.; Masset, Patrick J.

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.06.013

Cited by 287 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…When heated in oxygen, it forms iron oxide, Fe 2 O 3 [11]. In the past, some researchers have proposed possible use of iron, aluminum, and magnesium, powder as a fuel in pyrophoric systems [12,13]. For the application of converting heat into electrical power using thermoelectric material made of bismuth telluride, which has the maximum applicable temperature of about 300°C on the hot side of the thermoelectric modules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the reaction of iron powder mixture as a portable heat source for thermoelectric power generators

Huang

Tran

Yang

2014

J Therm Anal Calorim

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This paper reports our investigation on the thermal behavior and ignition characteristics of iron powder and mixtures of iron with other materials such as activated carbon and sodium chloride in which iron is the main ingredient used as fuel. Thermal analysis techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the materials and for further understanding of reaction kinetics of the pyrophoric iron mixtures. The experimental results demonstrated that iron micron particles react exothermically to the oxygen in atmosphere and produced iron oxide with ignition temperature of 427.87°C and heat generation of 4,844 J g -1 . However, in this study, the pyrophoric iron mixture acts as a heat source for the thermoelectric power generators, the final mixture composition is determined to compose of iron powder, activated carbon, and sodium chloride with the mass ratio of approximately 5/1/1. The mixture generated two exothermic peaks DSC curves that showed ignition temperature of 431.53 and 554.85°C and with a higher heat generation of 9,366 J g -1 at higher temperature. The effects of test pan materials and heating rate on the ignition were also examined by DSC method.Kinetic data such as the activation energy (E a ), the entropy of activation (DS # ), enthalpy of activation (DH # ), and Gibbs energy of activation (DG # ) on the ignition processes was also derived from the DSC analysis. From the ignition temperature, heat generation, and kinetics test data, the mass ratio of 5/1/1 proved to generate the most amount of heat with high temperatures for the standalone thermoelectric power generators.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the reaction of iron powder mixture as a portable heat source for thermoelectric power generators

Huang

Tran

Yang

2014

J Therm Anal Calorim

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“…[1][2][3] They are usually employed as the primary reserve batteries and are activated by rapidly heating the molten salt used as the electrolyte. Thus, thermal batteries are high-temperature power sources that are typically operated at 350-550…”

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confidence: 99%

“…(1 − x) FeS 2 (s) → Fe 1−x S (s) (x = 0 − 0.2) + 1/2 (1 − 2x) S 2 (g) [1] The thermodynamic properties of this process have been studied by several researchers. 10,11 The ready thermal decomposition of FeS 2 results in serious safety issues as well as a loss in capacity in the case of thermal batteries.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

CoS₂Coatings for Improving Thermal Stability and Electrochemical Performance of FeS₂Cathodes for Thermal Batteries

Ning

Liu

Xie

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The cathode material pyrite (FeS 2 ) (core) was coated with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 wt% CoS 2 (shell) (denoted as FeS 2 @CoS 2 ) by the hydrothermal method and a subsequent heat-treatment to form composites with enhanced thermal stability and electrochemical performance. Importantly, results indicate indicated that CoS 2 particles with a complete crystal structure had been successfully coated on the FeS 2 surface. The sample coated with the optimal amount of CoS 2 , which was determined to be 7.5 wt%, showed the highest thermal decomposition temperature (610.6 • C) and excellent specific capacity (as high as 320 mA h g −1 at 520 • C and 200 mA cm −2 at a cutoff voltage of 1.6 V), in compared to that of pure FeS 2 (551.3 • C, 240 mA h g −1 ). Because CoS 2 is an excellent electrical conductor, the surface of FeS 2 is modified by CoS 2 , which leads to the change of the microstructure of FeS 2 surface, which enhances the intercalation of ionic electrolyte and enhances the electrical conductivity of FeS 2 . In the meantime, CoS 2 has high thermal stability and exhibits low solubility in the molten electrolyte, which reduces the elemental sulfur loss of FeS 2 during discharge and thereby increases the electrochemical capacity.

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“…The thermal battery was invented and developed in the 1940s to provide power for German weapons [1,2]. It was the primary energy storage battery that used molten salts as the electrolyte and internal pyrotechnic sources as the ignition device to bring the battery stack to operating temperature [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variable-temperature preparation and performance of NiCl2 as a cathode material for thermal batteries

Liu

et al. 2017

Sci. China Mater.

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Nickel(II) chloride materials were synthesized via a novel two-step variable-temperature method for the use as a cathode material in Li-B/NiCl2 cells with the LiCl-LiBrLiF electrolyte. The influence of temperature on its structure, surface morphology, and electrochemical performance was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical measurements of single cells. XRD results showed that after pre-dehydration for 2 h at 270°C followed by sintering for 5 h at 600°C, the crystal water in nickel chloride hexahydrate could be removed effectively. The SEM results showed that particles recombined to form larger coarse particles and presented a layered structure. Discharge tests showed that the 600°C-treated materials demonstrated remarkable specific c apacities of 210.42 and 242.84 mA h g −1 at constant currents of 0.5 and 2.0 A, respectively. Therefore, the Li-B/NiCl2 thermal battery showed excellent discharge performance. The present work demonstrates that NiCl2 is a promising cathode material for thermal batteries and this two-step variable-temperature method is a simple and useful method for the fabrication of NiCl2 materials.

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Thermally activated (“thermal”) battery technology

Cited by 287 publications

References 12 publications

Investigation on the reaction of iron powder mixture as a portable heat source for thermoelectric power generators

Investigation on the reaction of iron powder mixture as a portable heat source for thermoelectric power generators

CoS₂Coatings for Improving Thermal Stability and Electrochemical Performance of FeS₂Cathodes for Thermal Batteries

Variable-temperature preparation and performance of NiCl2 as a cathode material for thermal batteries

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Thermally activated (“thermal”) battery technology

Cited by 287 publications

References 12 publications

Investigation on the reaction of iron powder mixture as a portable heat source for thermoelectric power generators

Investigation on the reaction of iron powder mixture as a portable heat source for thermoelectric power generators

CoS2Coatings for Improving Thermal Stability and Electrochemical Performance of FeS2Cathodes for Thermal Batteries

Variable-temperature preparation and performance of NiCl2 as a cathode material for thermal batteries

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Product

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CoS₂Coatings for Improving Thermal Stability and Electrochemical Performance of FeS₂Cathodes for Thermal Batteries