Thermo-mechanical recycling of rubber: Relationship between material properties and specific mechanical energy

Díaz, R. F.; Colomines, Gaël; Peuvrel‐Disdier, Edith; Deterre, Rémi

doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.10.014

Cited by 58 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Diaz et al [ 34 ] performed thermo-mechanical reclaiming of ethylene-propylene-diene rubber in a special high shear mixer (HSM) designed as a rotor-stator system that was equipped with a cooling system dedicated independently to the rotor and stator to control rubber self-heating phenomenon. In conclusion, the authors indicated that specific mechanical energy can be used as an indicator of rubber reclaiming efficiency.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer: Processing, Physico-Mechanical Properties, Volatile Organic Compounds Emission and Recycling Possibility

et al. 2020

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Ground tire rubber (GTR) was reclaimed and modified with 10 phr of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer via low-temperature extrusion process. Processing, physico-mechanical properties, volatile organic compounds emission, and recycling possibility were investigated. In order to better understand the impact of used modifiers, their efficiency was compared with trans-polyoctenamer, which is an additive that is commercially dedicated to waste rubber recycling. The results showed that a relatively small amount of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer improves the mechanical properties of modified reclaimed GTR and also allows further recycling by multiple processing without the deterioration of performance after three cycles.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer: Processing, Physico-Mechanical Properties, Volatile Organic Compounds Emission and Recycling Possibility

et al. 2020

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“…168 As a result, the recycling of thermoset rubber tires has been developed to a greater extent, but similar to FRPs, high-energy-intensive mechanical and thermal recycling are also indicated as the most economically feasible options for this class of thermosets. 169,170 The most straightforward approach to utilize dynamic covalent linkages in cross-linked rubbers seems to be via disulfide linkages which are already present in cross-linked (natural) rubbers due to sulfur vulcanization. 171,172 By tuning of the molecular architecture and addition of CuCl 2 catalyst, healing and easy repair of these rubbers are possible, but due to the associative nature of the disulfide linkages, the reprocessing and recycling is just as complex as it is for conventional rubbers.…”

Section: Application Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Potential and Limitations of Recyclable Thermosets for Structural Applications

et al. 2019

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The outstanding performance of conventional thermosets arising from their covalently cross-linked networks directly results in a limited recyclability. The available commercial or close-to-commercial techniques facing this challenge can be divided into mechanical, thermal, and chemical processing. However, these methods typically require a high energy input and do not take the recycling of the thermoset matrix itself into account. Rather, they focus on retrieving the more valuable fibers, fillers, or substrates. To increase the circularity of thermoset products, many academic studies report potential solutions which require a reduced energy input by using degradable linkages or dynamic covalent bonds. However, the majority of these studies have limited potential for industrial implementation. This review aims to bridge the gap between the industrial and academic developments by focusing on those which are most relevant from a technological, sustainable and economic point of view. An overview is given of currently used approaches for the recycling of thermoset materials, the development of novel inherently recyclable thermosets and examples of possible applications that could reach the market in the near future.

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“…Thermo-chemical regeneration is based on applying thermal energy and mechanical mixing/ kneading, as well as adding chemical reclaiming agents to combine the advantages of both regeneration processes. However, elevated temperature might result in severe degradation of the main chain and a drop of the mechanical properties for the regenerated rubber [93,109].…”

Section: Thermo-chemical Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review

2020

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Recycling and recovery of waste tires is a serious environmental problem since vulcanized rubbers require several years to degrade naturally and remain for long periods of time in the environment. This is associated to a complex three dimensional (3D) crosslinked structure and the presence of a high number of different additives inside a tire formulation. Most end-of-life tires are discarded as waste in landfills taking space or incinerated for energy recovery, especially for highly degraded rubber wastes. All these options are no longer acceptable for the environment and circular economy. However, a great deal of progress has been made on the sustainability of waste tires via recycling as this material has high potential being a source of valuable raw materials. Extensive researches were performed on using these end-of-life tires as fillers in civil engineering applications (concrete and asphalt), as well as blending with polymeric matrices (thermoplastics, thermosets or virgin rubber). Several grinding technologies, such as ambient, wet or cryogenic processes, are widely used for downsizing waste tires and converting them into ground tire rubber (GTR) with a larger specific surface area. Here, a focus is made on the use of GTR as a partial replacement in virgin rubber compounds. The paper also presents a review of the possible physical and chemical surface treatments to improve the GTR adhesion and interaction with different matrices, including rubber regeneration processes such as thermomechanical, microwave, ultrasonic and thermochemical producing regenerated tire rubber (RTR). This review also includes a detailed discussion on the effect of GTR/RTR particle size, concentration and crosslinking level on the curing, rheological, mechanical, aging, thermal, dynamic mechanical and swelling properties of rubber compounds. Finally, a conclusion on the current situation is provided with openings for future works.

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Thermo-mechanical recycling of rubber: Relationship between material properties and specific mechanical energy

Cited by 58 publications

References 17 publications

Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer: Processing, Physico-Mechanical Properties, Volatile Organic Compounds Emission and Recycling Possibility

Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer: Processing, Physico-Mechanical Properties, Volatile Organic Compounds Emission and Recycling Possibility

A Review on the Potential and Limitations of Recyclable Thermosets for Structural Applications

Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review

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