Thermochemical conversion of Polyalthia longifolia leaves at different temperatures and characterization of their products

Citrus limetta fruit waste management by liquefaction using hydrogen-donor solvent

“… 42,51,52 The FC content of CLPU was less than 10.5 wt%, indicating that the biochar yield was less than that of biocrude. Both the biomasses had HHV values that were in close conformity with other lignocellulosic biomasses 5,53 and fruit wastes. 2,42,51 The ultimate analysis of CLPU showed 43.16 wt% of elemental carbon composition, which was comparable to 38.51 wt% of similar citrus biomass waste.…”

“…The broad peaks in the spectra in the range of 3200–3400 cm −1 corresponded to phenolic compounds owing to the presence of the O–H stretching vibration of hydroxyl groups. 5 The absorption peaks in the 3000–2800 cm −1 and 1460–1350 cm −1 range, corresponding to C–H stretching vibration, might have occurred due to methyl and methylene groups, and indicated the possibility of the presence of long chain alkanes. 56,57 The absorption peaks in between 1800–1586 cm −1 indicated CO stretching vibration in carboxylic acids, esters, ketones, and aldehydes group.…”

“…Hemicellulose volatilization was observed between 200 and 400 °C with maximum weight loss at approximately 300–350 °C. 5 Firstly, the decomposition of less thermally stable volatile compounds occurred, leading to the breakage of their chemical bonds. Between 350 and 400 °C, overlap between cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition took place.…”

“…It was evident from the images that the biomass was a lumpy, dense solid matrix, having a fibrous structure. 5 However, after liquefaction, the changes in the surface were visible from the images of the biochar. Due to cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition, the structure of the cell was broken, leading to the development of cracks on the surface with certain pores over them.…”

“…Both biochemical and thermochemical conversion technologies 3,4 are being extensively researched for biofuel production from biomass. 5,6 Thermochemical conversion comprises of gasication, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal processing. Hydrothermal processing is further divided into hydrothermal liquefaction, hydrothermal carbonization, and hydrothermal gasication.…”