Thermochromic VO2 thin films studied by photoelectron spectroscopy

Structural and electrochemical properties of Al3+ doped V2O5 nanoparticles prepared by an oxalic acid assisted soft-chemical method

“…The Al 3+ doped sample showed a main peak at 517.6 eV, with a small shoulder at 516.3 eV. The later value fit well with that of V 4+ in VO 2 [16]. This indicates that the vanadium ions in the material were in an intermediate oxidation state between V 5+ and V 4+ .…”

Room-temperature ferromagnetism in Ti1−V O2 nanocrystals synthesized from an organic-free and water-soluble precursor

“…In Fig. 2b, the peak of V 2p 3/2 is rather wide and the corresponding core level binding energy is estimated to be 517.2 eV, and the peak of V 2p 1/2 is invisible because of the low V content, being consistent with that of V 4+ in literature [29]. Furthermore, it was much easier for V 4+ (0.58 Å) than V 5+ (0.53 Å) to enter the TiO 2 lattice to form a homogenous phase for its comparable radius to Ti 4+ .…”

Effect of vanadium doping on the dielectric and nonlinear current–voltage characteristics of CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramic

“…Appearance of Ti 2p3/2 at 458.3 eV confirmed that Ti remains in the 4+ oxidation state within our CCTO crystals [27]. The V 2p3/2 in the 4+ oxidation state appeared at 516.2 eV [28], 516.3 eV [29], 515.7 eV [30] and 515.95 eV [31] where the same peak located at 517.11 eV [32,33], 516.95 eV [28] and 516.7 eV [34] when its oxidation state is 5+. For our CCTO sample, V 2p3/2 peak position was located in the energy range corresponding to 4+ oxidation state, thus we may conclude that V substituted Ti which remains in the 4+ oxidation state.…”