Thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen production by steam reforming

Lutz, Andrew E.; Bradshaw, Robert W.; Keller, Jay O.; Witmer, Dennis

doi:10.1016/s0360-3199(02)00053-8

Cited by 167 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…difference in the definition of system boundaries and energy inputs, there are several ways to calculate the thermal efficiency of steam reforming [26]. Assuming the steam reforming reaction is 100% in completion, the maximum thermal efficiency of steam reforming without considering the external heat can be described as η where x is the number of moles of hydrogen produced from a mole of fuel, ∆H H2 represents the low heating value per mole of hydrogen, and ∆H fuel is the lower heating value per mole of fuel consumed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Technical Report, Oct 2004 - Nov. 2006, High Performance Flexible Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Guan¹,

Minh²

2007

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This report summarizes the work performed for the program entitled "High Performance Flexible Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell" under Cooperative Agreement DE-FC36-04GO14351 for the U. S. Department of Energy. The overall objective of this project is to demonstrate a single modular stack that generates electricity from a variety of fuels (hydrogen and other fuels such as biomass, distributed natural gas, etc.) and when operated in the reverse mode, produces hydrogen from steam. This project has evaluated and selected baseline cell materials, developed a set of materials for oxygen and hydrogen electrodes, and optimized electrode microstructures for reversible solid oxide fuel cells (RSOFCs); and demonstrated the feasibility and operation of a RSOFC multi-cell stack. A 10-cell reversible SOFC stack was operated over 1000 hours alternating between fuel cell (with hydrogen and methane as fuel) and steam electrolysis modes. The stack ran very successfully with high power density of 480 mW/cm 2 at 0.7V and 80% fuel utilization in fuel cell mode and >6 SLPM hydrogen production in steam electrolysis mode using about 1

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Technical Report, Oct 2004 - Nov. 2006, High Performance Flexible Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Guan¹,

Minh²

2007

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“…Consequently, the increased St/C enhances the process efficiency at medium temperatures and decreases the efficiency at higher temperatures compared to the efficiency with St/C=2. The theoretical efficiency of this process as a function of temperature and St/C as calculated by Lutz, et al, [2003a and2003b] is shown in Figure 4 The SMR process can potentially be coupled to a high-temperature helium-cooled reactor, such as an MHR. The MHR could function as the high-temperature heat source at about 850 o C to replace the natural gas burning furnace.…”

Section: (A) Steam Methane Reforming (Smr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Configuration and technology implications of potential nuclear hydrogen system applications.

Conzelmann¹,

Petri²,

Forsberg³

et al. 2005

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SummaryIntroduction -Nuclear-Generated Hydrogen Nuclear technologies have important distinctions and potential advantages for large-scale generation of hydrogen for U.S. energy services. Nuclear hydrogen requires no imported fossil fuels, results in lower greenhouse-gas emissions and other pollutants, lends itself to large-scale production, and is sustainable. The technical uncertainties in nuclear hydrogen processes and the reactor technologies needed to enable these processes, as well waste, proliferation, and economic issues must be successfully addressed before nuclear energy can be a major contributor to the nation's energy future. In order to address technical issues in the time frame needed to provide optimized hydrogen production choices, the Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative (NHI) must examine a wide range of new technologies, make the best use of research funding, and make early decisions on which technology options to pursue. For these reasons, it is important that system integration studies be performed to help guide the decisions made in the NHI.In framing the scope of system integration analyses, there is a hierarchy of questions that should be addressed:• What hydrogen markets will exist and what are their characteristics?• Which markets are most consistent with nuclear hydrogen ?• What nuclear power and production process configurations are optimal?• What requirements are placed on the nuclear hydrogen system? Study ObjectivesThe intent of the NHI system studies is to gain a better understanding of nuclear power's potential role in a hydrogen economy and what hydrogen production technologies show the most promise. This work couples with system studies sponsored by DOE-EE and other agencies that provide a basis for evaluating and selecting future hydrogen production technologies. This assessment includes identifying commercial hydrogen applications and their requirements, comparing the characteristics of nuclear hydrogen systems to those market requirements, evaluating nuclear hydrogen configuration options within a given market, and identifying the key drivers and thresholds for market viability of nuclear hydrogen options. Nuclear Energy for Hydrogen ProductionDifferent methods for hydrogen production have different characteristics. For nuclear-generated hydrogen those characteristics include (1) economics that favor large-scale centralized production of hydrogen, (2) the co-production of oxygen as a byproduct, and (3) the availability Configuration and Technology Implications of Page ii Potential Nuclear Hydrogen System Applications Summary July 31, 2005 of low-cost heat. Hydrogen production technologies that use renewable energy generally involve smaller scale and dispersed production facilities.Each existing and potential market for hydrogen also has distinct characteristics that will favor particular methods of hydrogen production-even if each technology produces hydrogen at similar production costs. The size, location, and hydrogen product requirements will determine whether a production method w...

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“…First, a global reaction mechanism is required to analyze the thermodynamics of steam reforming of a hydrocarbon fuel at a basic level [9]:…”

Section: Steam Reformingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic Analysis of Production of Hydrogen Using High-Temperature Fuel Cells

Leal

Brouwer

2005

Advanced Energy Systems

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This paper presents: (1) the electricity and hydrogen coproduction concept, (2) a thermodynamic analysis methodology for studying solid oxide and molten carbonate fuel cell hydrogen co-production, and (3) simulation results that address the impact of reformer placement in the cycle on system performance. The methodology is based on detailed thermodynamic and electrochemical principles that apply to each of the system components and the integrated cycles. Eight different cycle configurations that use fuel cell heat to drive hydrogen production in a reformer are proposed, analyzed, and compared. The specific cycle configurations include SOFC and MCFC cycles using both external and internal reforming options. The fuel cell plant performance has been evaluated on the basis of methane utilization efficiency and each component of the plant has been evaluated on the basis of second law efficiency. The analyses show that in all cases the exergy losses (irreversibilities) in the combustion chamber are the most significant losses in the cycle. Furthermore, for the same power output, the internal reformation option has the higher electrical efficiency and produces more hydrogen per unit of fuel supplied, in the case of using a SOFC.

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Thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen production by steam reforming

Cited by 167 publications

References 4 publications

Final Technical Report, Oct 2004 - Nov. 2006, High Performance Flexible Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Final Technical Report, Oct 2004 - Nov. 2006, High Performance Flexible Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Configuration and technology implications of potential nuclear hydrogen system applications.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Production of Hydrogen Using High-Temperature Fuel Cells

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