“…By the time the sample had reached this temperature, most of the ZnS and ZnO had been reduced and volatilised in the form of gaseous Zn via carbothermal reduction. 29,[43][44][45]48 The phase structure transformation of the low-grade lead-zinc oxysulphide ore, as observed using XRD and SEM-EDS, is consistent with the above response surface optimisation and thermodynamic analyses (Fig. 11).…”
Section: Phase Transformation and Volatilisation Mechanismsupporting
confidence: 81%
“…Further, the carbothermal reduction of ZnO was insufficient or did not reach the temperature for the spontaneous reaction. 44,45…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Further, the carbothermal reduction of ZnO was insufficient or did not reach the temperature for the spontaneous reaction. 44,45 Thus, the carbon mass ratio and reduction temperature and time have the most significant impacts on the zinc volatilisation rate of low-grade lead-zinc oxysulphide ore. However, the impact of reduction temperature is the most significant, which is consistent with the variance analysis data (Table 4).…”
Section: Data Analysis and Evaluation Of The Model By Rsmmentioning
The continuous exploitation of zinc blend resources leads to primary resources may not be sufficient for future requirements. The abundant low-grade lead–zinc oxysulphide ore will become a crucial source of...
“…By the time the sample had reached this temperature, most of the ZnS and ZnO had been reduced and volatilised in the form of gaseous Zn via carbothermal reduction. 29,[43][44][45]48 The phase structure transformation of the low-grade lead-zinc oxysulphide ore, as observed using XRD and SEM-EDS, is consistent with the above response surface optimisation and thermodynamic analyses (Fig. 11).…”
Section: Phase Transformation and Volatilisation Mechanismsupporting
confidence: 81%
“…Further, the carbothermal reduction of ZnO was insufficient or did not reach the temperature for the spontaneous reaction. 44,45…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Further, the carbothermal reduction of ZnO was insufficient or did not reach the temperature for the spontaneous reaction. 44,45 Thus, the carbon mass ratio and reduction temperature and time have the most significant impacts on the zinc volatilisation rate of low-grade lead-zinc oxysulphide ore. However, the impact of reduction temperature is the most significant, which is consistent with the variance analysis data (Table 4).…”
Section: Data Analysis and Evaluation Of The Model By Rsmmentioning
The continuous exploitation of zinc blend resources leads to primary resources may not be sufficient for future requirements. The abundant low-grade lead–zinc oxysulphide ore will become a crucial source of...
“…FactSage 8.2 software was widely used in pyrometallurgical processing of different minerals [27][28][29]. Propper selection of the databases and phases is important to obtain reliable results.…”
Arsenic content in copper concentrates is continuously increasing worldwide. It is desirable to remove arsenic from copper in the earlier stages of copper making due to the deposition of arsenic to cathode copper during the electrorefining process. Effects of temperature, flux, and oxygen on the distribution of arsenic during copper converting and fire refining processes were studied using FactSage 8.2. The results showed that arsenic can be effectively removed by proper selection of converting and refining slags. The decrease in Fe/SiO2 or Fe/CaO ratio in the converting slag is favorable for arsenic distributed to slag. CaO is more effective than SiO2 in decreasing the liquidus temperature of the slag and arsenic content in the blister copper during the converting process. Na2O or CaO as a flux is effective to remove arsenic in the fire refining process.
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