“…Liquid-solid phase transitions are physical phenomena which appear in various kinds of science and engineering processes. Representative applications include sea-ice melting and freezing [25], continuous casting of steel [33], cancer treatment by cryosurgeries [34], additive manufacturing for materials of both polymer [22] and metal [5], crystal growth [6], lithium-ion batteries [21], and thermal energy storage systems [37]. Physically, these processes are described by a temperature profile along a liquid-solid material, where the dynamics of the liquidsolid interface is influenced by the heat flux induced by melting or solidification.…”