“…Thus, the force balance used to obtain Young-Dupré equation at a line is replaced by force balance over a region and allows many details of a contact line to emerge other than the contact angle itself. Investigators have included in the disjoining pressure the dispersion forces (2, 3), short-range repulsion (4), polar forces (5), gradient forces (6, 7), a combination of dispersion and electrostatic double-layer forces (8,9), the structural effects of micelles (10)(11)(12), and the randomness of dissolved polymers (13). Of course, many of these calculations are phenomenological, but have served well since the time they were originally conceived by Derjaguin and co-workers (16).…”