Thermodynamics on the Bi-Fe-Ti System and the Gibbs Energy of Bi9Ti8

Kishimoto, Akihiro; Uda, Tetsuya

doi:10.1007/s11663-018-1393-6

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…As previously mentioned, the selection of bismuth as the primary element for a tribological layer is because of its complete immiscibility with iron and copper, even in their liquid state 29 . However, this means that alloying iron with bismuth to achieve a thermodynamically nonequilibrium state poses a significant challenge.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bismuth is one of the best candidates for forming a tribofilm between bronze and steel in a plain bearing. It does not undergo chemical interaction or mutual dissolution at both low and high temperatures and does not form solid solutions or intermetallic compounds with iron and copper 29 . However, an unresolved engineering challenge has been the inability to create iron-bismuth or copper-bismuth alloys, as these metals are completely immiscible, even in their liquid state 29 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Towards eliminating friction and wear in plain bearings operating without lubrication

Kharanzhevskiy,

Ipatov,

Makarov

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Plain bearings, renowned for their versatility and simplicity, are extensively utilized in engineering design across various industries involving moving parts. Lubrication is vital to the functioning of these bearings, yet their usage is inhibited under dynamic load conditions, or at elevated or reduced temperatures due to this dependency on lubrication. This study introduces an innovative method to significantly mitigate friction and wear in plain bearings operating without lubrication. The plain bearings were constructed from steel–bronze pairs, where the steel shafts were alloyed with bismuth oxide via short-pulse laser treatment. MnO2 was utilized as a carrier to incorporate the bismuth oxide into the surface layers of the steel. Insights from transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed a highly non-equilibrium state of matter, unattainable through conventional engineering methods. The tribological performance of the modified steel disks was assessed via a block-on-ring sliding test, demonstrating superior wear and friction performance without lubrication, as well as an ultra-low coefficient of friction. Remarkably, the modified friction pairs remained functional after 200 km of linear sliding at a load of 250 N (12.5 MPa) and a sliding speed of 9 m/s. To substantiate the technique’s viability, we tested the performance of an internal combustion engine turbocharger fitted with a modified steel shaft. The turbocharger’s performance validated the long-term effectiveness of the steel–bronze coupling operating without lubrication at 75,000 rpm. The simplicity and resilience of this technique for modifying steel–bronze pairs offer a ground-breaking and promising approach for a wide range of applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards eliminating friction and wear in plain bearings operating without lubrication

Kharanzhevskiy,

Ipatov,

Makarov

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As previously mentioned, the selection of bismuth as the primary element for a tribological layer is because of its complete immiscibility with iron and copper, even in their liquid state [24]. However, this means that alloying iron with bismuth to achieve a thermodynamically nonequilibrium state poses a signi cant challenge.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bismuth does not undergo chemical interaction or mutual dissolution at both low and high temperatures. Additionally, it does not form solid solutions or intermetallic compounds with iron and copper [24]. However, an unresolved engineering challenge has been the inability to create iron-bismuth or copper-bismuth alloys, as these metals are completely immiscible even in their liquid state [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards eliminating friction and wear in plain bearings operating without lubrication

Kharanzhevskiy,

Ipatov,

Makarov

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Plain bearings, owing to their versatility and simplicity, are extensively utilized in engineering design across a variety of industries involving moving parts. Lubrication is vital to the functioning of these bearings so their usage is inhibited under dynamic load conditions or at elevated or reduced temperatures due to this dependency on lubrication. This study introduces an innovative method to significantly mitigate friction and wear in plain bearings operating without lubrication. The plain bearings were constructed from steel-bronze pairs, where the steel shafts were alloyed with bismuth oxide via short-pulse laser treatment. To incorporate the bismuth oxide into the surface layers of the steel, MnO2 was utilized as a carrier. Insights from transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy exposed a highly non-equilibrium state of matter, which is unattainable through conventional engineering methods. The tribological performance of the modified steel disks was assessed via a block-on-ring sliding test, demonstrating superior wear and friction performance without lubrication, and an ultra-low coefficient of friction. Remarkably, the modified friction pairs remained functional after 200 km of linear sliding at a load of 250 N (12.5 MPa) and a sliding speed of 9 m/s. To substantiate the technique's viability, we tested the performance of an internal combustion engine turbocharger fitted with a modified steel shaft. The turbocharger's performance validated the long-term effectiveness of the steel-bronze coupling operating without lubrication at 75,000 rpm. The simplicity and resilience of this technique for modifying steel-bronze pairs offer a ground-breaking and promising approach for a wide range of applications.

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“…In the second step, when a sufficient amount of Ti is present at the interface, new phases form. EDX measurements indicate the formation of Bi 2 FeTi 4 , one of the ternary equilibrium phases in the Bi-Fe-Ti system [58,59]. Bi 2 FeTi 4 was found in the solder mainly close to the steel/solder interface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Joining of SiO2 glass and 316L stainless steel using Bi–Ag-based active solders

Weber

Rettenmayr

2020

J Mater Sci

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Active brazing is a commonly used method for joining dissimilar materials with at least one non-metallic component. In the present study, joining of SiO2 glass to 316L stainless steel was performed utilizing Bi–Ag-based solders. Ti up to a concentration of 4 and Mg up to 1 wt.% were added as active elements. Microstructures of the solder alloys in the as-cast state and of cross sections of the joined compounds were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In the as-cast state of the solder, Ti is found in Bi–Ti intermetallic phases; Mg is partially dissolved in the fcc-(Ag) phase and additionally contained in a ternary Ag-Bi-Mg phase. After soldering, a tight joint was generated using several alloy compositions. Ti leads to the formation of reaction products at the steel/solder and glass/solder interfaces, and Mg is exclusively accumulated at the glass/solder interface.

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Thermodynamics on the Bi-Fe-Ti System and the Gibbs Energy of Bi9Ti8

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Towards eliminating friction and wear in plain bearings operating without lubrication

Towards eliminating friction and wear in plain bearings operating without lubrication

Towards eliminating friction and wear in plain bearings operating without lubrication

Joining of SiO2 glass and 316L stainless steel using Bi–Ag-based active solders

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