Thermophilic biotransformations of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene under simulated composting conditions

Kaplan, David L.; Kaplan, Arthur M.

doi:10.1128/aem.44.3.757-760.1982

Cited by 164 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The kinetics of these reduction pathways are complex and determination of rates of formation and reaction of individual products would be difficult. A laboratory composting study concluded that reduction is favored in the para position [6].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The increases in the concentrations of the extractable TNT metabolites did not quantitatively account for the decreases in TNT concentrations because they were only transient intermediates in the biotransformation of TNT [6]. The final products of the TNT and other explosives were not observed by the HPLC method, and their fate is not clear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The final products of the TNT and other explosives were not observed by the HPLC method, and their fate is not clear. Previous studies found that the majority of the composted TNT was not mineralized by biotransformation, but rather collected in a chemically bound fraction that is not determined by conventional analytical methods [ 1,2,4,6]. Clearly, further work is needed to identify the ultimate fate of biotransformed explosives.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical and toxicological testing of composted explosives‐contaminated soil

Griest

Stewart

Tyndall

et al. 1993

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Static‐pile and mechanically stirred composts of explosives‐contaminated soil at the Umatilla Army Depot Activity (UMDA, Umatilla, OR) in a field composting optimization study were characterized chemically and toxicologically. The concentrations of extractable explosives (e.g., 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene) in the composts and their aqueous leachates, the mutagenicity of organic solvent extracts from the composts, and the toxicity of compost aqueous leachates to Ceriodaphnia dubia all decreased considerably with 20 d of composting. After 44 d (mechanical composters) or 90 d (static piles) of composting, the toxicity, mutagenicity, and concentrations of extractable explosives decreased more than 90% in some cases. The composting efficiency was generally inversely proportional to the percentage (v/v) of contaminated soil. Composting in static piles was efficient up to about 20% (v/v) of contaminated soil; composting in the mechanically stirred composters was efficient up to about 25% soil. Mechanical composting was more efficient than composting in static piles. The main conclusion of this study is that composting can effectively remediate explosives‐contaminated soil and sediment. However, low levels of explosives and metabolites, bacterial mutagenicity, and leachable toxicity to Ceriodaphnia may remain after composting. The sources of residual toxicity and mutagenicity and the ultimate fate of the explosives are unknown.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical and toxicological testing of composted explosives‐contaminated soil

Griest

Stewart

Tyndall

et al. 1993

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…We have also observed (unpublished data) the decrease of TNT and the accumulation of monoamino-, diamino-, and azoxydimer metabolites after storing leachates from other composts for about 4 months at 4°C. The azoxydimers are thought to be derived from hydroxyamines that also are precursors to the monoamino derivatives [ 5 ] . The formation of the dimers, although transitory in their accumulation, probably is facilitated in the aqueous solution conditions of leaching.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical characterization and toxicological testing of windrow composts from explosives‐contaminated sediments

Griest

Tyndall

Stewart

et al. 1995

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Aerated and nonaerated windrow composts of explosives‐contaminated sediments at the Umatilla Army Depot Activity (UMDA, Hermiston, OR) were characterized chemically and toxicologically as a function of composting time. The concentrations of explosives in organic solvent extracts of the composts and in the aqueous leachates of the composts, the bacterial mutagenicity of organic solvent extracts from the composts, and the toxicity of aqueous leachates from the composts to Ceriodaphnia dubia all declined rapidly (<15 d) with composting. The nonaerated windrow method of composting was slightly more efficient than was the aerated windrow method for reducing explosives concentrations in the composts (TNT, 99.9%; RDX, >99.7%; HMX, 98.5%) and in their leachates (>99.6%, >98.8%, and >97.5%, respectively). Extractable mutagenicity declined 99.7 and 97.9%, respectively, for strains TA‐98 and TA‐100 (without S‐9 metabolic activation) in the nonaerated compost. The two types (aerated and nonaerated) of windrow composts had about the same level of efficiency in lowering leachable toxicity (by 92% and 87%, based on reductions in C. dubia survival and fecundity, respectively). Thus, windrow composting appeared to be at least as effective as static‐pile and mechanically stirred composting evaluated previously. Windrow composting also appeared to be somewhat more effective for HMX transformation.

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“…The microbial principles underlying the operation of these systems have been reviewed by others [1]. Bioremediation technologies include soil slurry reactors [2][3][4][5], composting [6][7][8], and land farming. Bioremediation technologies can be significantly less expensive but trade off cost for the time required to reach selected end-point concentrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioremediation of TNT-Contaminated Soil: A Laboratory Study

Widrig¹,

Boopathy²,

Manning³

1997

Environ Toxicol Chem

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This research presented a bench-scale investigation of an innovative approach to land farming for the bioremediation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)-contaminated soils. Molasses, which contains sugar, nitrogen, vitamins, and minerals, was used as cosubstrate and this process combines several advantages of conventional land farming with the use of molasses for the biological degradation of TNT and its derivatives. In the optimum treatment, contaminated soil was amended with shredded grass and managed in an operating cycle where it was alternatively flooded with a dilute molasses solution, then drained, passively aerated, and finally tilled when moisture conditions were optimum. Soil TNT concentrations in all treatments receiving molasses were reduced from approximately 4,000-mg/kg levels initially to less than 100 mg/kg in 12 months, and to less than 1 mg/kg in the optimum treatment in this same time. Concentrations of the primary metabolic intermediates and bacterial populations were also tracked. Radiolabeling studies confirmed that the biomass enhanced by the treatments could mineralize approximately 20% of [ 14 C] from a contaminant spike after 22 d. A shredded grass amendment in the optimum treatment was shown to increase moisture retention during aeration phases. The results of this bench-scale study are promising with regard to transferring the process to full-scale applications.

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Thermophilic biotransformations of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene under simulated composting conditions

Cited by 164 publications

References 7 publications

Chemical and toxicological testing of composted explosives‐contaminated soil

Chemical and toxicological testing of composted explosives‐contaminated soil

Chemical characterization and toxicological testing of windrow composts from explosives‐contaminated sediments

Bioremediation of TNT-Contaminated Soil: A Laboratory Study

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