“…Since the Shape Memory Effect (SME for short) was observed in Cu-Zn alloy , and in NiTi alloy (Buehler, Gilfrich, & Wiley, 1963), SMA (especially NiTi alloy) has been widely used as intelligent material for its particular characteristics, such as large load capacity, high recovery strain up to 8%, excellent fatigue performance, variable elastic modulus with phase transformation, and especially the two main interesting properties, SME and Pseudo-elasticity (PE) due to the diffusionless martensitic transformation, as discussed elsewhere Krishnan et al, 1974;Warlimont et al, 1974;Funakubo, 1987;Otsuka & Wayman, 1998).…”