Thermoregulatory noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways to hypothalamic units

Brück, K.; Hinckel, P.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013319

Cited by 63 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…28 The involvement of NE in central thermoregulation and the etiology of hot flushes are supported by results from experimental and animal studies that showed that increased central nervous system levels of NE narrows the width of the thermoneutral zone. 29,30 This is consistent with results from studies that showed that yohimbine, an ␣ 2 -adrenergic antagonist, elevates brain NE 31 and ultimately triggers hot flushes. 32 Thus, ␣ 2 -adrenoceptors in the hypothalamus may be responsible for the events of the hot flush.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Menopausal Complaints Are Associated With Cardiovascular Risk Factors

et al. 2008

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Abstract-It has been hypothesized that women with vasomotor symptoms differ from those without with respect to cardiovascular risk factors or responses to exogenous hormone therapy. We studied whether the presence and extent of menopausal complaints are associated with cardiovascular risk profile. Data were used from a population-based sample of 5523 women, aged 46 to 57 years, enrolled between 1994 and 1995. Data on menopausal complaints and potential confounders were collected by questionnaires. Total cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and body mass index were measured. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Night sweats were reported by 38% and flushing by 39% of women. After multivariate adjustment, women with complaints of flushing had a 0.27-mmol/L (95% CI: 0.15 to 0.39) higher cholesterol level, a 0.60-kg/m 2 (95% CI: 0.35 to 0.84) higher BMI, a 1.59-mm Hg (95% CI: 0.52 to 2.67) higher systolic blood pressure, and a 1.09-mm Hg (95% CI: 0.48 to 1.69) higher diastolic blood pressure compared with asymptomatic women. Flushing was also associated with hypercholesterolemia (odds ratio: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.25 to 1.84) and hypertension (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.34). Results were similar for complaints of night sweating. The findings support the view that menopausal complaints are associated with a less favorable cardiovascular risk profile. These findings substantiate the view that differences in the presence of menopausal symptoms as a reason for using hormone therapy could explain discrepant findings between observational research and trials. A number of observational studies demonstrated a protective association between hormone therapy (HT) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). 1-3 Placebo-controlled, randomized trials, however, could not confirm a cardioprotective effect and showed no overall benefit of HT on the risk of cardiovascular events. 4,5 Many potential reasons have been proposed to explain this apparent discrepancy between the observational studies and the trials. An important difference is that, in the observational studies, the most common reason to initiate HT was to relieve menopausal complaints. In contrast, in the trials, women with severe complaints were either excluded or composed only a minority of the total randomized population. Results of a recent subgroup analysis of the combined Women's Health Initiative trials showed that women who initiated HT closer to menopause had a reduced coronary heart disease (CHD) risk compared with the increase in CHD risk among women initiating HT more distant from menopause. 6 Moreover, among women 50 to 59 years old at enrollment in the Women's Health Initiative, end-of-trial coronary calcium scores were lower in women assigned to estrogens than in those assigned to placebo. 7 A younger age is likely to be accompanied by a higher frequency of menopausal complaints.We hypothesized previously that women with vasomotor symptoms may differ from those without with respect to cardiovascular risk factors or responses...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Menopausal Complaints Are Associated With Cardiovascular Risk Factors

et al. 2008

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“…Comparing the present results with those reported earlier, the more intense labeling of the RMg in the SF and IF groups appears to reflect a rise in body temperature or a change in respiratory pattern due to somatic and autonomic movements in the groups presenting a more intense motor activity (6,8). The more intense labeling of the RPa seems to emphasize its reported role as a pre-motor nucleus in somatic and autonomic motor events, particularly regarding mastication, swallowing and gastrointestinal contractility as well as gastric secretion through the vagal complex (6,10,13).…”

supporting

confidence: 62%

“…Among such structures in the brainstem are the caudal raphe nuclei, namely the raphe magnus (RMg), pallidus (RPa) and obscurus (ROb) nuclei. This view is corroborated by the following anatomical and physiological data: the RMg has been related mainly to analgesia, but together with the RPa it also seems to be involved in the regulation of respiratory frequency and body temperature (7,8). The RPa projects to the facial, hypoglossus, ambiguous and trigeminal motor nuclei (9,10).…”

supporting

confidence: 60%

Involvement of the caudal raphe nuclei in the feeding behavior of rats

Takase

Barone

Nogueira

2000

Braz J Med Biol Res

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Involvement of the caudal raphe nuclei (raphe pallidus, RPa; raphe magnus, RMg, and raphe obscurus, ROb) in feeding behavior of adult rats was studied by measuring c-Fos protein expression, in animals submitted to the meal-feeding model of food restriction in which the rats were fed ad libitum only from 7:00 to 9:00 h, for 15 days. The experimental groups submitted to chronic fasting, named search for food (SF), ingestion of food (IF) and satiety of food (SaF) were scheduled after a previous study in which the body weight and the general and feeding behaviors were evaluated by daily monitoring. Acute, 48-h fasting (AF) was used as control. In the chronic group, the animals presented a 16% reduction in body weight in the first week, followed by a continuous, slow rise in weight over the subsequent days. Entrainment of the sleep-wake cycle to the schedule of food presentation was also observed. The RPa was the most Fos immunopositive nucleus in the chronic fasting group, followed by the RMg. The ANOVA and Tukey test (P<0.05) confirmed these results. The IF group was significantly different from the other three groups, as also was the number of labeled cells in the RPa in SF and IF groups. Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed between RMg and RPa, or RMg and ROb in the SaF and AF. However, it is interesting to observe that the groups in which the animals were more active, searching for or ingesting food, presented a larger number of labeled cells. These results suggest a different involvement of the caudal raphe nuclei in the somatic and autonomic events of feeding behavior, corroborating the functions reported for them earlier. Feeding behavior is a complex group of functions that comprise the search, capture and ingestion of the organic and inorganic matter necessary for the sustenance of life. This behavior consists of many different components, and different brain systems are involved in the regulation of its specific aspects. As a biological rhythm, feeding behavior is organized mainly in the diencephalon by the lateral and medial hypothalamus subdivisions and the paraventricular nucleus (1-3). The lateral hypothalamus seems to control blood glucose homeostasis through glucoreceptors (also present in the nucleus tractus solitarius and the liver). Once stimulated, these receptors trigger reflexes that restore glycemia through metabolic activity of the liver, which in turn, initiates feeding behavior, particularly the searching and ingestion phases (4). Satiety, however, seems to be driven by the ventromedial hypothalamic subdivision through the release of gut hormones and cholecystokinin, and also by the distension of the gastrointestinal tract

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“…Second, 5-HT is well known to suppress appetite, most probably via hypothalamic projections (see Curson, 1990). Third, a number of lines of evidence have implicated the raphe and 5-HT in thermoregulation, including (1) the presence ofthermosensitive neurons in the rostra1 raphe (Cronin and Baker, 1976;Hori and Harada, 1976); (2) enhanced firing of neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus following rostra1 raphe stimulation (Bruck and Hinckel, 1980;Werner and Bienek, 1985) and (3) abolition of the thermoresponsiveness of preoptic neurons following lesions of the rostra1 raphe (Taylor, 1982;Werner and Bienek, 1985). Interestingly, the fever induced by administering bacterial pyrogens may be attenuated by raphe lesions (Kadlecova et al, 1977) or by depleting (Harvey and Milton, 1974;Kandasamy, 1977;Matuszek and Ishikawa, 198 1) or antagonizing (Kandasamy, 1977) central 5-HT (see Myers, 1980).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ histochemical localization of type I interleukin-1 receptor messenger RNA in the central nervous system, pituitary, and adrenal gland of the mouse

et al. 1992

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The cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-l) has a number of biologic activities, including pronounced effects on the nervous and neuroendocrine systems. In this study, in situ histochemical techniques were used to investigate the distribution of cells expressing type I IL-1 receptor mRNA in the CNS, pituitary, and adrenal gland of the mouse. Hybridization of %-labeled antisense cRNA probes derived from a murine T-cell IL-1 receptor cDNA revealed a distinct regional distribution of the type I IL-1 receptor, both in brain and in the pituitary gland. In the brain, an intense signal was observed over the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, over the entire midline raphe system, over the choroid plexus, and over endothelial cells of postcapillary venules throughout the neuraxis. A weak to moderate signal was observed over the pyramidal ceil layer of the hilus and CA3 region of the hippocampus, over the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus, over Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex, and in scattered clusters over the externalmost layer of the median eminence.In the pituitary gland, a dense and homogeneously distributed signal was observed over the entire anterior lobe. No autoradiographic signal above background was observed over the posterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary, or over the adrenal gland. This study therefore provides evidence for discrete receptor substrates subserving the central effects of IL-l, thus supporting the notion that IL-1 acts as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in brain. It also supports studies suggesting that IL-1 -mediated activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis occurs primarily at the level of the brain and/or pituitary gland.Interleukin-1 (IL-l) is one of a growing number of cytokines that mediate important regulatory interactions between lymphocytes and many other cell types (see Dinarello, 1989). IL-l has also been identified as a key mediator in the acute-phase

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Thermoregulatory noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways to hypothalamic units

Cited by 63 publications

References 12 publications

Menopausal Complaints Are Associated With Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Menopausal Complaints Are Associated With Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Involvement of the caudal raphe nuclei in the feeding behavior of rats

In situ histochemical localization of type I interleukin-1 receptor messenger RNA in the central nervous system, pituitary, and adrenal gland of the mouse

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