Thermoregulatory responses to ice-slush beverage ingestion and exercise in the heat

Stanley, Jamie; Leveritt, Michael; Peake, Jonathan M.

doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1607-3

Cited by 69 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…Since this review, further research into exercise performance has been conducted (Burdon et al, 2010b;Ross et al, 2011;Siegel et al, 2010;Stanley, Leveritt, & Peake, 2010). Siegel and colleagues (2010) investigated the effect of ice slurry ingestion (at -18C) on thermoregulatory responses and submaximal running time in the heat.…”

Section: Fluids and Electrolytes For Thermoregulationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Fluid and electrolyte needs for training, competition, and recovery

Shirreffs

Sawka

2011

Journal of Sports Sciences

131

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Fluids and electrolytes (sodium) are consumed by athletes, or recommended to athletes, for a number of reasons, before, during, and after exercise. These reasons are generally to sustain total body water, as deficits (hypohydration) will increase cardiovascular and thermal strain and degrade aerobic performance. Vigorous exercise and warm/hot weather induce sweat production, which contains both water and electrolytes. Daily water (4-10 L) and sodium (3500-7000 mg) losses in active athletes during hot weather exposure can induce water and electrolyte deficits. Both water and sodium need to be replaced to re-establish "normal" total body water (euhydration). This replacement can be by normal eating and drinking practices if there is no urgency for recovery. But if rapid recovery (<24 h) is desired or severe hypohydration (>5% body mass) is encountered, aggressive drinking of fluids and consuming electrolytes should be encouraged to facilitate recovery for subsequent competition.

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Section: Fluids and Electrolytes For Thermoregulationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Fluid and electrolyte needs for training, competition, and recovery

Shirreffs

Sawka

2011

Journal of Sports Sciences

131

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“…However, it is not yet clear if the proportional reduction in sweating observed with the ingestion of cold water during exercise [170] occurs with ice slurry ingestion. Several recent reports support the consumption of an ice-slurry beverage since performance during endurance or intermittent-sprint exercise is improved following the ingestion of an ice-slurry beverage (~1 L crushed ice at ≤4 °C) either prior to [140, 172, 173] or during exercise [174], but no benefit was evident when consumed during the recovery period between two exercise bouts in another study [175]. Consequently, ingestion of ice slurry may be a practical complement or alternative to external cooling methods [155], but more studies are still required during actual outdoors competitions.…”

Section: Cooling Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The benefits of this practice would relate to a redistribution of the blood flow, probably from the skin to the central circulation [180], as well as a psychological (i.e., placebo) effect [181]. In terms of internal cooling, the ingestion of cold water [182] or ice slurry [175] during the recovery period might attenuate heat strain in the second bout of work, but not necessarily significantly improve performance [175]. Together, these studies suggest that cooling might help recovery from intense exercise in uncompensable laboratory heat stress and, in some cases, might improve performance in subsequent intense exercise bouts.…”

Section: Cooling Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consensus Recommendations on Training and Competing in the Heat

et al. 2015

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Exercising in the heat induces thermoregulatory and other physiological strain that can lead to impairments in endurance exercise capacity. The purpose of this consensus statement is to provide up-to-date recommendations to optimize performance during sporting activities undertaken in hot ambient conditions. The most important intervention one can adopt to reduce physiological strain and optimize performance is to heat acclimatize. Heat acclimatization should comprise repeated exercise–heat exposures over 1–2 weeks. In addition, athletes should initiate competition and training in an euhydrated state and minimize dehydration during exercise. Following the development of commercial cooling systems (e.g., cooling vests), athletes can implement cooling strategies to facilitate heat loss or increase heat storage capacity before training or competing in the heat. Moreover, event organizers should plan for large shaded areas, along with cooling and rehydration facilities, and schedule events in accordance with minimizing the health risks of athletes, especially in mass participation events and during the first hot days of the year. Following the recent examples of the 2008 Olympics and the 2014 FIFA World Cup, sport governing bodies should consider allowing additional (or longer) recovery periods between and during events for hydration and body cooling opportunities when competitions are held in the heat.

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“…The acting mechanism in which the body cools with the slushy drink is by creating a heat sink in the exercising person's visceral organs, thus cooling the body from the core to the periphery. Scientific literature [65][66][67][68] has identified ice slushy drinks as being effective in lowering body temperature during exercise and enhancing performance due to increased exercise capacity. Evidence also shows that exercise performance is enhanced when athletes consume cold fluids rather than temperate fluids.…”

Section: Ice-slushy Drinksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body-Cooling Paradigm in Sport: Maximizing Safety and Performance During Competition

Adams

Hosokawa

Casa

2016

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

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Context: Although body cooling has both performance and safety benefits, knowledge on optimizing cooling during specific sport competition is limited. Objectives: To identify when, during sport competition, it is optimal for body cooling and to identify optimal body-cooling modalities to enhance safety and maximize sport performance. Evidence Acquisition: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify articles with specific context regarding body cooling, sport performance, and cooling modalities used during sport competition. A search of scientific peer-reviewed literature examining the effects of body cooling on exercise performance was done to examine the influence of body cooling on exercise performance. Subsequently, a literature search was done to identify effective cooling modalities that have been shown to improve exercise performance. Evidence Synthesis: The cooling modalities that are most effective in cooling the body during sport competition depend on the sport, timing of cooling, and feasibility based on the constraints of the sports rules and regulations. Factoring in the length of breaks (halftime substitutions, etc), the equipment worn during competition, and the cooling modalities that offer the greatest potential to cool must be considered in each individual sport. Conclusions: Scientific evidence supports using body cooling as a method of improving performance during sport competition. Developing a strategy to use cooling modalities that are scientifically evidence-based to improve performance while maximizing athlete's safety warrants further investigation. Keywords: cooling modality, body temperature, cooling rate, review Athletes competing in competitive sports strive to maximize athletic performance (increased strength, faster completion times in timed aerobic and anaerobic events, increased cognition in sport-specific skills, and increased exercise capacity in competitions of set time duration) to perform at the highest level. During competition, especially in the heat, it is not uncommon for athletes to reach body temperatures in the range of 39°C to 40°C, which could have negative effects on performance and increase the risk of heat illness. 1,2 To combat these potentially deleterious effects, athletes often use various body-cooling techniques to lower or mitigate the rise in body temperature during competition.There are currently 2 hypotheses that account for the negative physiological and performance effects that increasing body temperature has on athletic performance: the critical-temperature hypothesis and the anticipatory hypothesis. The critical-temperature hypothesis centers on the concept that the body will decrease intensity when body temperature reaches a "critical threshold" of 40°C to prevent exertional heat stroke (EHS) from occurring. 1,3,4 The anticipatory model states that the brain will anticipate the increase in body temperature and thus alter intensity during exercise to prevent body temperature from reaching unsafe levels. [5][6][7] In both theories, exe...

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Thermoregulatory responses to ice-slush beverage ingestion and exercise in the heat

Cited by 69 publications

References 36 publications

Fluid and electrolyte needs for training, competition, and recovery

Fluid and electrolyte needs for training, competition, and recovery

Consensus Recommendations on Training and Competing in the Heat

Body-Cooling Paradigm in Sport: Maximizing Safety and Performance During Competition

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