“…Kinks existing at the domain walls of PMN–PT are also observed in the surface morphology in graphene/PMN–PT heterostructures, which could enhance the charge trapping effects at the interface between the graphene and ferroelectric materials . Moreover, the different orientations of the PMN–PT substrates can bring diverse ferroelectric and piezoelectric characteristics, which can affect the modulation of the PMN–PT substrates. − For example, the easy magnetization direction of Fe 89 Ga 11 films deposited on PMN–PT (011) substrates was rotated when applying an electric field, while a similar effect was not observed for those deposited on PMN–PT (001) . Furthermore, defects can also be modulated under an external electric field. , The oxygen vacancies in TiO 2−δ /PMN–PT and Zn:SnO 2 /PMN–PT heterostructures migrate under an external electric field, which contributes to the nonvolatile resistive switching. , Therefore, the electrical characteristics of semiconductor films can be tuned by PMN–PT with different orientations and the migration of defects.…”