Thin-Film Solid-State Electroluminescent Devices Based On Tris(2,2‘-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Complexes

Buda, Mihai; Kalyuzhny, Gregory; Bard, Allen J.

doi:10.1021/ja017834h

Cited by 247 publications

(232 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…We analyze steady-state MIECs with ion-blocking electrodes using a physical and mathematical formulation which is mostly consistent with previous simulation and analytical work, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] and it appears to be generally agreed upon that the basic drift-diffusion/Poisson equations are at least an acceptable approximation of reality. Results are reported for systems with one mobile ionic species, as might represent a conjugated polyelectrolyte or ionomer, [20][21][22] and two mobile ionic species, as might represent a semiconductor-salt blend.…”

Section: -19supporting

confidence: 54%

“…This is the x-dependent tunneling flux function that appears in the transport equation (6). A conceptual illustration of Eq.…”

Section: Tunnelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A quantitative description of the carrier profiles and fluxes is obtained from the electronic continuity and transport equations (5) and (6). The presence of the tunneling flux and recombination terms complicates the solution of these equations.…”

Section: B Solving the Transport Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Charge injection and transport in low-mobility mixed ionic/electronic conducting systems: Regimes of behavior and limiting cases

Mills

Lonergan

2012

Phys. Rev. B

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A comprehensive analysis of a model describing charge carrier injection and transport in lightemitting electrochemical cells (LECs) and related mixed ionic electronic conductors (MIECs) is given. Ions are treated using a modified drift-diffusion transport equation that accounts for volume exclusion effects, and electronic injection is treated using a spatially dependent tunneling mechanism that explicitly accounts for both forward and backward fluxes. Systems containing both one and two mobile ionic species are treated and compared. The unique physics of LECs stem from ionic polarization processes that can lead to field screening and narrowed injection barriers, producing increased electrode exchange currents via tunneling. The latter process promotes the establishment of electronic quasi-equilibrium throughout the double-layer regions and hence promotes bulk-limited conduction. Explicit expressions are given describing the conditions necessary to assume field screening and bulk-limited conduction, which determine the applicability of either traditional semiconductor device models such as Fowler-Nordheim or electrochemical models such as the Nernst equation. Having established these conditions, several distinct regimes of bulk-limited LEC behavior are described. Explicit formulae for the biases delineating these regimes are given as well as formulae for the current in each regime. At low biases, the current generally increases exponentially with bias; the bulk remains field-free, and the transport is predominantly unipolar and diffusive. At high biases the current rises much less rapidly, and bulk transport is bipolar, occurring through a combination of drift and diffusion. The nature of the bulk region in the high-bias regime is markedly different in systems with one and two mobile ionic species. At intermediate biases, space charge effects preferentially drive injection of the minority carrier causing a transition from unipolar to bipolar injection. It is demonstrated that many of the models proposed to describe LECs exist upon a common continuum, and that the major factor separating them is simply the magnitude of the applied bias. This work allows one to estimate at what biases an idealized LEC with particular equilibrium concentrations of ionic and electronic carriers will transition from one mechanism to another. It also aids in conceptually mapping mechanisms and internal details of the system onto each regime of behavior.

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Section: -19supporting

confidence: 54%

“…This is the x-dependent tunneling flux function that appears in the transport equation (6). A conceptual illustration of Eq.…”

Section: Tunnelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Charge injection and transport in low-mobility mixed ionic/electronic conducting systems: Regimes of behavior and limiting cases

Mills

Lonergan

2012

Phys. Rev. B

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“…Thin films of these complexes also demonstrate significant device performance and optical properties. Especially, ruthenium polypyridyl complexes show significant properties, such as excellent photochemical stability, strong visible absorption, efficient luminescence, and relatively long lived metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states [6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A ruthenium polypyridyl complex (Ru-PC K314) was synthesized due to the wide range of application areas, particularly for optoelectronic applications such as solar cells and light emitting diodes [6][7][8][9]. In this context, Ru-PC K314 can be considered as a functional material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of annealing temperature on the optical properties of a ruthenium complex thin film

et al. 2016

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The stability of the optical parameters of a ruthenium polypyridyl complex (Ru-PC K314) film under varying annealing temperatures between 278 K and 673 K was investigated. The ruthenium polypyridyl complex thin film was prepared on a quartz substrate by drop casting technique. The transmission of the film was recorded by using Ultraviolet/Visible/Near Infrared spectrophotometer and the optical band gap energy of the as-deposited film was determined around 2.20 eV. The optical parameters such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, and dielectric constant of the film were determined and the annealing effect on these parameters was investigated. The results show that Ru PC K314 film is quite stable up to 595 K, and the rate of the optical band gap energy change was found to be 5.23 × 10 −5 eV/K. Furthermore, the thermal analysis studies were carried out in the range 298-673 K. The Differential Thermal Analysis/Thermal Gravimmetry/Differantial Thermal Gravimmetry curves show that the decomposition is incomplete in the temperature range 298-673 K. Ru-PC K314 is thermally stable up to 387 K. The decomposition starts at 387 K with elimination of functional groups such as CO 2 , CO molecules and SO 3 H group was eliminated between 614 K and 666 K.

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Electrochemiluminescent Systems as Devices and Sensors

Kapturkiewicz¹

2009

Electrochemistry of Functional Supramolecular Systems

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Thin-Film Solid-State Electroluminescent Devices Based On Tris(2,2‘-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Complexes

Cited by 247 publications

References 28 publications

Charge injection and transport in low-mobility mixed ionic/electronic conducting systems: Regimes of behavior and limiting cases

Charge injection and transport in low-mobility mixed ionic/electronic conducting systems: Regimes of behavior and limiting cases

The effect of annealing temperature on the optical properties of a ruthenium complex thin film

Electrochemiluminescent Systems as Devices and Sensors

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