I t is not difficult to explain the increasing worldwide interest in battery development. The current changes in the global energy outlook, including the shift to a higher fraction of solar and wind power, as well as the declining use of fossil fuels in vehicles, call for new autonomous energy storage solutions. The downscaling of microelectronic systems to produce small devices such as medical implants, micro sensors, self powered integrated circuits or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), requires rechargeable batteries with better energy and power densities per footprint area than can be achieved with the thin film 2D batteries existing today.Today's rechargeable lithium-ion batteries-with the best performance when it comes to energy density and with a reasonably good power efficiency-are dominating the market for consumer electronics. There is, however, a need for rechargeable storage devices that combine small volume with high energy and power densities. Typically, there is a demand for batteries on the 1-10 mm 3 volume scale, including all components and associated packaging. Moreover, miniaturized devices usually need the energy storage functions to be physically located on a small area-on a chip-making the energy and power density per footprint area a key factor for these batteries. The energy demand for these products is generally in the order of 1 J/(mm 2 day), which conventional battery technologies fail to supply by an order of magnitude or more. Given the wide range of electrode chemistries available for lithium-ion batteries, these batteries are well-suited to be shaped into different complex 3D high-capacity architectures.This article focuses on the use of electrodeposition as a tool for manufacturing complex 3D battery architectures.
Electrodeposition as a Tool for 3D Microbattery Fabrication