Thinking about personal theories: individual differences in the coordination of theory and evidence

Sá, Walter C.; Kelley, Carol N.; Ho, Caroline; Stanovich, Keith E.

doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.07.012

Cited by 63 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…As mentioned in the Introduction, some previous research has found a relationship between thinking dispositions associated with epistemic regulation and individual differences in myside bias Klaczynski & Lavallee, 2005;Klaczynski & Robinson, 2000;Sá et al, 2005). Additionally, Mason and Scirica (2006) used an informal reasoning task and found that an individual difference variable measuring epistemological understanding predicted the ability to generate arguments, counterarguments and rebuttals about controversial topics, as well as the quality of the three types of arguments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Individual differences in myside bias have proven difficult to predict from other psychological variables. Correlations between the degree of myside bias and cognitive ability have proven to be extremely modest and are often non-significant (Klaczynski & Gordon, 1996;Klaczynski, Gordon, & Fauth, 1997;Klaczynski & Lavallee, 2005;Klaczynski & Robinson, 2000;Sá, Kelley, Ho, & Stanovich, 2005;Stanovich & West, 2007;Toplak & Stanovich, 2003). Some studies have, however, revealed that thinking dispositions associated with epistemic regulation (e.g., actively open-minded thinking, dogmatism) are related to individual differences in myside bias Klaczynski & Lavallee, 2005;Klaczynski & Robinson, 2000;Sá et al, 2005), although others have failed to replicate this relationship (Stanovich & West, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cognitive ability, thinking dispositions, and instructional set as predictors of critical thinking

Macpherson

Stanovich

2007

Learning and Individual Differences

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143

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive ability, thinking dispositions, and instructional set as predictors of critical thinking

Macpherson

Stanovich

2007

Learning and Individual Differences

Self Cite

143

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“…In addition, Sá, Kelley, Ho, and Stanovich () argue that individual differences in decision‐making are the result of both cognitive capacity (intelligence) and cognitive processing (thinking styles and dispositions). Critical thinking in informal reasoning situations has been shown to be related to cognitive processing rather than cognitive capacity (Sá et al., ). This research reiterated the issues that are known to commonly to cause medication errors, including interruptions, distractions and high workloads (Meyer‐Massetti et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nurses’ decision‐making, practices and perceptions of patient involvement in medication administration in an acute hospital setting

Bucknall

Fossum

Hutchinson

et al. 2019

Journal of Advanced Nursing

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Aims To describe nurses’ decision‐making, practices and perceptions of patient involvement in medication administration in acute hospital settings. Background Medication errors cause unintended harm to patients. Nurses have a major role in ensuring patient safety in medication administration practices in hospital settings. Investigating nurses’ medication administration decision‐making and practices and their perceptions of patient involvement, may assist in developing interventions by revealing how and when to involve patients during medication administration in hospital. Design A descriptive exploratory study design. Methods Twenty nurses were recruited from two surgical and two medical wards of a major metropolitan hospital in Australia. Each nurse was observed for 4 hr, then interviewed after the observation. Data were collected over six months in 2015. Observations were captured on an electronic case report form; interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and content and thematic analysis. Results Ninety‐five medication administration episodes, of between two and eight episodes per nurse, were observed. A total of 56 interruptions occurred with 26 of the interruptions being medication related. Four major themes emerged from the interviews: dealing with uncertainty; facilitating, framing and filtering information; managing interruptions and knowing and involving patients. Conclusion Nurses work in complex adaptive systems that change moment by moment. Acknowledging and understanding the cognitive workload and complex interactions are necessary to improve patient safety and reduce errors during medication administration. Knowing and involving the patient is an important part of a nurses’ medication administration safety strategies.

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“…Studies with logical reasoning tasks have confirmed that AOT indeed measures a different disposition from NFC (Kokis, Macpherson, Toplak, West, & Stanovich, 2002) and that it predicts the ability to overcome belief bias (Macpherson & Stanovich, 2007). Importantly, both indices of reflective thinking have been found to be related to lower belief in phenomena such as astrology, unlucky numbers, and things that bring one luck (Kokis et al , 2002; Sá, Kelley, Ho, & Stanovich, 2005; Stanovich & West, 1997). Based on these findings, we expect that an intuitive thinking style is related to higher paranormal belief (Hypothesis 1) and that reflective thinking, manifesting as high scores on both AOT (Hypothesis 2) and AET (Hypothesis 3), is related to lower paranormal belief.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The separate roles of the reflective mind and involuntary inhibitory control in gatekeeping paranormal beliefs and the underlying intuitive confusions

Svedholm

Lindeman

2012

British J of Psychology

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Intuitive thinking is known to predict paranormal beliefs, but the processes underlying this relationship, and the role of other thinking dispositions, have remained unclear. Study 1 showed that while an intuitive style increased and a reflective disposition counteracted paranormal beliefs, the ontological confusions suggested to underlie paranormal beliefs were predicted by individual differences in involuntary inhibitory processes. When the reasoning system was subjected to cognitive load, the ontological confusions increased, lost their relationship with paranormal beliefs, and their relationship with weaker inhibition was strongly accentuated. These findings support the argument that the confusions are mainly intuitive and that they therefore are most discernible under conditions in which inhibition is impaired, that is, when thinking is dominated by intuitive processing. Study 2 replicated the findings on intuitive and reflective thinking and paranormal beliefs. In Study 2, ontological confusions were also related to the same thinking styles as paranormal beliefs. The results support a model in which both intuitive and non-reflective thinking styles and involuntary inhibitory processes give way to embracing culturally acquired paranormal beliefs.

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Thinking about personal theories: individual differences in the coordination of theory and evidence

Cited by 63 publications

References 19 publications

Cognitive ability, thinking dispositions, and instructional set as predictors of critical thinking

Cognitive ability, thinking dispositions, and instructional set as predictors of critical thinking

Nurses’ decision‐making, practices and perceptions of patient involvement in medication administration in an acute hospital setting

The separate roles of the reflective mind and involuntary inhibitory control in gatekeeping paranormal beliefs and the underlying intuitive confusions

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