Thiocyanate in excess develops goiter followed by auto immune thyroid diseases even after effective salt iodization in a rural community of north east India

Singh, Laishram Hemchandra; Chandra, Amar K.; Yumnam, Suchitra Devi; Sarkar, Deotima; Manglem, R.K.; Dhabali, Th.; Mookerjee, Shekhar; Ray, Indrajit

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111711

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In 1999, the prevalence of thyroid goiter was 12.45% in the Guangdong coastal area ( 9 ), which was much higher than our present results. The prevalence in our study was also lower than that in India (13.98%) ( 22 ), Pakistan (25.5%) ( 23 ), and Ethiopia (36.6%) ( 24 ). The implementation of universal salt iodization programs has markedly decreased the prevalence of thyroid goiter in Guangzhou.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

Iodine nutritional status, the prevalence of thyroid goiter and nodules in rural and urban residents: a cross-sectional study from Guangzhou, China

Yan

You

Wang

et al. 2021

Endocrine Connections

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Objectives A variety of factors differed between rural and urban areas may further influence iodine status and thyroid structure. Hence, this study compared iodine nutrition, the prevalence of thyroid goiter, and nodules between rural and urban residents in Guangzhou, a southern coastal city of China. Methods A total of 1211 rural residents and 1305 urban residents were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. A questionnaire regarding personal characteristics was administered. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was examined. Ultrasonography of the thyroid was performed to evaluate thyroid goiter and nodules. Multiple logistic analysis was used to identify the potential associated factors. Results The median UIC was significantly lower in rural residents than in urban residents (120.80 μg/L vs 136.00 μg/L, P < 0.001). Although the coverage rate of iodized salt was much higher in rural residents than in urban residents (99.59% vs 97.29%, P < 0.001), the percentages of seafood intake (8.60% vs 29.29%, P < 0.001), iodine-containing drug consumption (0.33% vs 1.24%, P = 0.011), and iodine contrast medium injection (0.58% vs 1.87%, P = 0.004) were lower in rural residents than in urban residents. Both the prevalence of thyroid goiters and nodules was significantly higher in rural residents than in urban residents (goiter: 8.06% vs 1.20%, P < 0.001; nodules: 61.89% vs 55.04%, P = 0.023). Living in rural areas was associated with thyroid goiter (OR 5.114, 95% CI 2.893–9.040, P < 0.001). Conclusions There were differences in iodine nutrition and the prevalence of thyroid goiter and nodules in rural and urban residents in Guangzhou. Differentiated and specialized monitoring is recommended in our area.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

Iodine nutritional status, the prevalence of thyroid goiter and nodules in rural and urban residents: a cross-sectional study from Guangzhou, China

Yan

You

Wang

et al. 2021

Endocrine Connections

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“…Present study showing positive correlation between USCN and TPO-Ab (r = 0.3069, p = 0.018) in boys (Table4) suggests that thiocyanate increases the risk of central hypothyroidism in studied boys, by increasing Tg-Ab through TPO-Ab. This observation further con rms that thiocyanate results in autoimmune thyroid diseases[45].BS consumption and thyroid functionsDaily BS consumption in Tripura's ST population during BS-growing seasons found about 120-150 g/person (Table1). Accordingly, BS consumption was much more than that of Australia and New Zealand (range 31-70 g/day/person)[46].…”

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confidence: 57%

Thyroid Functions in Bamboo-Shoots Consuming Children of Tripura, North-east India

Ray

Chandra

Debbarma

et al. 2021

Preprint

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PurposeInformation on thyroid functions in populations consuming potent antithyroidal bamboo-shoots (BS) was found scanty. Therefore, to assess thyroid function in BS consuming children was found relevant.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 127 children from 3 villages. Thyroid volume (TV), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin antibody (Tg-Ab), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab), urinary iodine (UI), urinary thiocyanate (USCN), salt iodine (SI), water iodine (WI), and BS consumption pattern were assessed. ResultsVariable-wise overall mean±SDs/medians/interquartile ranges (IQR) were - age: 8.69±1.69/8.77/7.22-9.74 y, TVol: 0.82±0.27/0.82/0.67-0.96 ml, FT4: 19.5+5.6/20.1/16.9-22.0 pmol/L, FT3: 4.27+1.24/4.22/3.35-4.96 pmol/L, TSH: 2.44+1.39/2.33/1.60-3.15 mIU/L, Tg-Ab: 15.2+10.0/12.5/11.1-14.5 IU/ml, TPO-Ab: 5.58+12.25/3.89/2.90-5.11 IU/ml, UI: 117.4±58.5/108/73-160.5 µg/L, USCN: 0.99+0.67/0.8/0.5-1.2 mg/dl, WI: 4 .69±4.56/3.0/1.35–7µg/L, and BS consumption: 153.8±01.4/119/71.4–214.3 g/person/day respectively. Only 80.3% salt samples had ≥15 ppm iodine. Thyroid dysfunction prevalence was 6.3%. There were positive correlations between TV and FT4 (r=0.2466, p=0.005), UI and TSH (r=0.2633, p=0.003), TSH and FT4 (r=0.2135, p=0.016), TSH and FT3 (r=0.1898, p=0.033), USCN and FT4 (r=0.2477, p=0.005), Tg-Ab and TPO-Ab (r=0.3768, p=<0.001), and negative correlations between Tg-Ab and TSH (r=-0.2024, p=0.023), Tg-Ab and FT4 (r=-0.1869, p=0.035). In boys, USCN had a positive correlation with TPO-Ab (r=0.3069, p=0.018). The village having highest levels of BS consumption (p=0.037) and median UI showed higher TSH levels (p=0.037) and higher FT3 level (p=0.001) compared to the village of lowest BS consumption.ConclusionsThe BS consuming children appear at risk of developing hypothyroidism by Tg-Ab, which may partly be diminished by reducing BS consumption.

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“…Bamboo Shoots . Consumption of bamboo shoots contributes to the development of endemic goiter [ 136 , 137 ]. Cyanogenic glycosides present in bamboo shoots are metabolized to toxic thiocyanate.…”

Section: Environmental Factors That Influence Tsh and Thyroid Hormone Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels

Leko

Gunjača

Pleić

et al. 2021

IJMS

131

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Thyroid hormones are necessary for the normal functioning of physiological systems. Therefore, knowledge of any factor (whether genetic, environmental or intrinsic) that alters the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones is crucial. Genetic factors contribute up to 65% of interindividual variations in TSH and thyroid hormone levels, but many environmental factors can also affect thyroid function. This review discusses studies that have analyzed the impact of environmental factors on TSH and thyroid hormone levels in healthy adults. We included lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and exercise) and pollutants (chemicals and heavy metals). Many inconsistencies in the results have been observed between studies, making it difficult to draw a general conclusion about how a particular environmental factor influences TSH and thyroid hormone levels. However, lifestyle factors that showed the clearest association with TSH and thyroid hormones were smoking, body mass index (BMI) and iodine (micronutrient taken from the diet). Smoking mainly led to a decrease in TSH levels and an increase in triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels, while BMI levels were positively correlated with TSH and free T3 levels. Excess iodine led to an increase in TSH levels and a decrease in thyroid hormone levels. Among the pollutants analyzed, most studies observed a decrease in thyroid hormone levels after exposure to perchlorate. Future studies should continue to analyze the impact of environmental factors on thyroid function as they could contribute to understanding the complex background of gene–environment interactions underlying the pathology of thyroid diseases.

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Thiocyanate in excess develops goiter followed by auto immune thyroid diseases even after effective salt iodization in a rural community of north east India

Cited by 10 publications

References 47 publications

Iodine nutritional status, the prevalence of thyroid goiter and nodules in rural and urban residents: a cross-sectional study from Guangzhou, China

Iodine nutritional status, the prevalence of thyroid goiter and nodules in rural and urban residents: a cross-sectional study from Guangzhou, China

Thyroid Functions in Bamboo-Shoots Consuming Children of Tripura, North-east India

Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels

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