Thiram: degradation, applications and analytical methods

Abstract

In this review a brief introduction to thiram (tetramethylthiuram disulfide; TMTD) pesticide has been given along with other applications. All the important methods available are systematically arranged and are listed under various techniques. Some of these methods have been applied for the determination of thiram in commercial formulations, synthetic mixtures in grains, vegetables and fruits. A comparison of different methods is the salient feature of this review.

Photodegradation and Flow-Injection Determination of Dithiocarbamate Fungicides in Natural Water with Chemiluminescence Detection

“…Appropriate dilutions are required when the method is applied to real samples as the maximum residue limits for dithiocarbamates (expressed as CS2), which are allowed by the European Union to be 2 -7 mg kg -1 . 5 The method has limits of detection of 10, 8.0 and 5.0 ng mL -1 for maneb, nabam and thiram, respectively. The method is better in terms of sensitivity and sample throughput than the methods reported previously.…”

“…Comprehensive reviews on thiram pesticide in environmental and pharmaceutical samples have also been reported. 23,24 These methods are sensitive and accurate; however, many of these involve expensive methods, and toxic solvents; they are slow and require the development of extremely complex gradients for separation. Table 1 gives a comparison among several methods for the determination of thiram, nabam and maneb in terms of the sample matrix and the sensitivity.…”

“…Thiram is available as dust, flowable, wettable powder, water-dispersible granules, water-suspension formulations and in mixtures with other fungicides. 5 In the body, carbon disulfide is formed from the breakdown of thiram and which contributes to the toxicity of thiram to the liver. 6 The chemical structures of maneb, nabam and thiram are given in Fig.…”

Solvent extraction followed by ultraviolet detection for investigation of tetramethylthiuram disulfide at soil-water interface

“…Formulations of thiram are available as dust, flowable or wettable powder, water dispensable granules and water suspensions (Kidd and James, 1991). Thiram is used as a fungicide to protect harvested crops and prevent crop damage in the field, and as a seed protectant to prevent various fungal diseases (Han et al, 2003;Sharma et al, 2003;Bradley et al, 2007). It is also used in rubber industry as an accelerator and a vulcanization agent (Ceresera et al, 2001;Grosicka et al, 2005).…”

“…Among many methods available for the detection of thiram and related substances, gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, thin layer densitometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, capillary electrophoresis and voltammetry have been successful for a variety of sample matrices (Procopio et al, 1988;Sharma et al, 2003;Weliwegamage, 2005 and2008). Special reagents have been used in many of these techniques to improve selectivity and/or sensitivity.…”