Thoracic Duct, Cisterna Chyli, and Right Lymphatic Duct

Song, Young‐Bin

doi:10.1002/9781118430309.ch75

Cited by 1 publication

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(85 reference statements)

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“…Plenty of anatomical studies on the terminal part of the TD have been published, presenting different results when it comes to the frequency of known variants of the TD termination site (Davis, 1915; Greenfield & Gottlieb, 1956; Kinnaert, 1973; Seeger et al, 2009; Shimada & Sato, 1997; Zorzetto et al, 1977). Analyses of those studies done by Phang et al (2014), Ratnayake et al (2018) show that actually the TD more commonly drains to the internal jugular vein (43%–46% cases), while direct connection with the venous angle is the second most common variant (27%–32%) (Song, 2016). The subclavian vein is joined by the TD in 18%–24% of cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Throughout the entire course of the TD, numerous valves can be found, limiting backflow of lymph (Song, 2016). Probably one most the important for the lymphatic system physiology is located at its ostium, known as the lymphovenous valve.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The TD diameter varies depending on the level that is measured. For the cervical part, different authors report different values ranging from 0.5 to 12 mm (usually 2–5 mm) (Kinnaert, 1973; Song, 2016) with mean diameter of 2.5 mm measured in sonography (Seeger et al, 2009). In our study, 42% of cases did not fit the usual range (10 cases <2 mm, three cases >5 mm) as measured in fasting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sonography for assessment of thoracic duct anatomy and physiology before and after meals

2022

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The interest in clinical anatomy of the thoracic duct (TD) has recently grown, owing to discoveries linking its morphology to pathologies such as heart failure or liver cirrhosis. In the light of this knowledge, a cost-efficient and reliable in-vivo imaging method of TD should be devised. Ultrasonography satisfies these criteria and hence is a promising tool for assessment of TD's anatomy and function. Thirty-one healthy volunteers attended the examination after 6 h of fasting and 2 h without drink. Ultrasound of the left supraclavicular fossa was performed in search of TD's orifice into the venous angle. In each case, the largest diameter, number of orifices, presence of valves, tributaries, and motility of the TD were examined. We performed examinations in three sessions: after fasting, after standardized meal and 1 h after the meal.The statistical significance has varied among the three sessions. The strongest connection was shown in the third examination. The TD was visualized in 31 cases, 35 orifices were found, most of which drained into the venous angle. Multiple orifices were seen in four cases and valves in 15 cases. Tributaries were present in 17 cases. Mean widest and orifice diameter measured 3.23 and 2.0 mm, respectively. Spontaneous peristaltic-like movements of the TD were observed in 25 cases. We demonstrated that ultrasound is useful for assessment of TD's anatomy, allowing to visualize and quantify its key features. Moreover, our study is presumably the first to capture and describe TD's motility in vivo.

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