“…Higuchi, Komatsu, Iida, Iwami and Shimada, Journal of Biomechanical Science and Engineering, Vol.14, No.1 (2019) [DOI: 10.1299/jbse.18-00432] Several studies using a thoracolumbar spine model with a partitioned thoracic spine and ribs and dynamical evaluations have been reported (Andriacchi et al, 1974, Keller et al, 2003, Andre et al, 2006, Briggs et al, 2007, Iyer et al, 2010, Tho, 2010, Bruno et al, 2015, Kim et al, 2016. For example, Ignasiak et al (2016). constructed a movable thoracolumbar spine model to analyze the IDP, and the activity and tension of trunk muscles during flexion; however, the placement and geometry of the trunk muscles were not defined in detail because all of the muscle paths of the model were linear.…”