“…Energy storage systems such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), , Mg-ion batteries (MIBs), lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, and solid-state alkali-metal batteries , are regarded as the most promising power sources for portable devices and electric vehicle energy storage devices. , Li–S batteries have been widely studied because of their high theoretical energy density (2600 Wh kg –1 ). − However, their commercial application is limited by a low sulfur utilization (<80%) and limited lifespan (<500 cycles). There are mainly four reasons as follows: (i) the poor utilization of sulfur species due to the low conductivity of sulfur and its discharge product Li 2 S 2 /Li 2 S; , (ii) the loss of sulfur species and the corrosion of the Li metal anode caused by the “shuttling effect” of intermediate lithium polysulfides (LPSs); ,, (iii) the poor cycle stability and low Coulombic efficiency caused by the sluggish conversion kinetics of LPSs and the huge volume expansion (about 80%) of S 8 and Li 2 S 2 /Li 2 S; , and (iv) the loss of ion/electron transportation and active sulfur species caused by the depressed deposition and oxidation of the insoluble lithium sulfide (Li 2 S 2 /Li 2 S) on the cathode …”