“…Although most scholars agree that these interactions consisted of exchanges of low-bulk/high-value items mainly organized by palatial institutions (Massa and Palmisano, 2018b: 80;Crawford, 2013), records from the Ebla archives suggests the emergence, at least in Upper Mesopotamia, of a stable cooperation between palaces and private traders in the exchange of substantial volumes of commodities [a] (Winters, 2019;Benati and Bonechi, 2020). To further illustrate, the Syrian long-distance trades were both regulated by political treaties and supported by institutional infrastructures such as specialized merchant settlements, affiliated markets, and armed escorts [a] (Bonechi, 2016).…”